L'art des structures propose une découverte du fonctionnement des structures porteuses, telles que les bâtiments, les toitures ou les ponts. Ce cours présente les principes du dimensionnement et les structures en câbles et en arcs. Un deuxième cours présente les structures en treillis, en poutres et en cadres. Après avoir suivi ce cours, vous serez capable d'identifier les structures en câble, en arc et en arc et câble. Vous pourrez déterminer les efforts dans les éléments de structure principaux et procéder au choix de leurs dimensions en fonction du matériau de construction choisi. Votre maîtrise des constructions de statique graphique ainsi que de l'applet de calcul i-Cremona vous permettra de comparer diverses solutions et de choisir la forme la plus appropriée pour un type de structure donné. De manière générale, vous pourrez, en observant les structures autour de vous, reconnaître leur mode de fonctionnement, expliquer le choix de leurs dimensions et de leurs proportions.
485 Méthode du câble auxiliaire
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來自 École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 的課程
L'art des structures 1 : Câbles et arcs
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從本節課中
Câbles avec plusieurs charges
Le cas suivant est celui de câbles avec deux charges, dont la résolution est un peu plus complexe que les câbles avec une seule charge. Une fois les efforts et forces aux appuis déterminées, le reste est comme la semaine précédente. Finalement, au travers de la méthode du câble auxiliaire, vous verrez comment généraliser au cas de câbles avec plusieurs charges.
與講師見面
Olivier L. BurdetDr
Laboratoire de Construction en Béton
Aurelio Muttoni
Hello, this
video is dedicated to the method of the auxiliary cable which will enable us,
on the one hand, to directly and freely calculate the shape of a cable,
and on the other hand, to obtain, without needing
a model, the position and the magnitude of the resultant of a
system of arbitrary forces, and particularly of
forces which are parallel one to each other.
We will see that the method of the auxiliary
cable enables us to determine the shape of a cable.
We will see how to construct the auxiliary cable,
what are the arbitrary choices that we have to make to
be able to make this construction, and finally,
we will see how to use this construction
to obtain the position of the resultant of a system of forces.
In this video, you recognize the system with two loads.
We now add a red chain on
which we hang up two weights in its middle.
We can note that the red chain and the white chain are perfectly
superimposed, on the left and right
parts, between the support and the first force,
respectively between the last force and the support.
However, in the middle, the shape is different.
We can see how to solve these systems.
I am not going to take lots of time to
do that, because we already did it several times before.
For the system on the top, we have
two loads, a load of 10 Newtons
which is in equilibrium with a horizontal
internal force and an internal force which goes up towards the
left. So, we have these internal forces.
We could read their value, but we have
already determined them another time before, thus, it will not be necessary.
Thereafter, on the right part, we also have 10
Newtons, and
we have
obtained the internal forces in the segments, on the left and on
the right, as well as in the intermediate segment of cable.
If we now look at the red chain,
on the bottom. It is subjected to a load of
20 Newtons
with, in its right part, an inclination which
goes up towards the right, and on its left
part, and inclination which goes up towards the left.
We can note big similarities between these two
constructions. Actually, 10 plus 10 equals 20.
So, the effect of this force is equal to the effect of these two forces.
We can note that this segment has the same length than this other
segment, as well as this segment, here, has the same length than this
other segment.
In other words, the internal forces, in the inclined parts of the white
cable, are identical to the internal forces in the inclined parts of the red cable.
The only difference is that the red cable
does not have any horizontal segment in its middle.
What does it mean ?
It means that for the red chain and the white
chain, in the part between the support and the first load, for example,
the internal force is identical.
The link, both links, if we
consider them individually, they have exactly the same internal force.
What does it mean ?
Well, it means that the force of 20 Newtons
has exactly the same effect than both forces of 10 Newtons.
What does it mean ?
Remember the definition I gave
you for the resultant, when I introduced
this concept?
The resultant it is a force whose the effect on the system
is the same than the one of all the considered forces.
Well, clearly here, we are dealing with a resultant.
What is also interesting is to see
where is located the line of action of the resultant.
I think that
we already agreed to say that the resultant
was going to have a magnitude of 20 Newtons.
But now, what we can also see,
it is that this resultant has its line of action
which is on the intersection
of the extension of the first and of the last segment of the
cable, the ones which were indicated by three and by two before.
The line of action of the resultant passes where they cross each other.
Let's look at this second case, it is the same cable,
but now, with a load of 10 Newtons on the left, and two loads of
10 Newtons on the right. I make quickly the construction.
So, the load of 10 Newtons, and I know that I will have the load
of 20 Newtons afterwards.
Here, this is the internal force in the left part of the cable, in the intermediate
part. Then, we can directly
close the polygon of forces, for the equilibrium of the force on the right.
Now, if I make the drawing for the second system,
I directly have a force of 30 Newtons,
with a component which goes up towards the right
first, then which goes up towards the left,
and we can note once again that these two elements,
here, and here, respectively here,
and here, are identical. So, once again,
the force, here, of 30 Newtons and the resultant
of two forces of 10 and of 20 Newtons.
Its line of action
is located, one more time, on the intersection of the extension
of the first segment, and of the last segment of the
cable. We are going to use this property
which is general to define a general method,
to determine the position of the line of action of the resultant.
Let's start with a simple example.
Now, we deal with the resultant of two forces.
We do not have any cables.
We can, in the Cremona diagram,
because we know that we will
need it, we can already draw these two forces,
the force of 10 Newtons, and the force
of 20 Newtons.
We are going to work with what we call an auxiliary cable.
We can also call it a fictional cable, because it is going to be useful,
and afterwards, once it will have
used it, we will be able to forget it,
respectively, to erase it if we wish to.
This cable will start from a support, here, and will have a certain initial inclination.
I choose,
because it is easier for me, to
give it an initial inclination of 45 degrees.
But this, that is totally arbitrary, we shall return to this point later.
It corresponds, in the Cremona diagram, to this part, and that is also
very easy with an angle of 45 degrees. We know that the internal force in this cable
is somewhere, here.
Afterwards, we have a second choice
to make, either we choose a second angle.
For example, we could say that the cable is horizontal
after having touched the force of 10 Newtons.
Alternatively, we can choose a point in the Cremona
diagram to represent the internal force in the intermediate part of the cable.
So, now, I prefer
to choose that the cable is horizontal between both forces.
You remember that it was not the
case in the cable which we have constructed previously.
It was horizontal when there was only one force.
But actually, we can find a cable whose the part, here, is horizontal.
What does it mean ?
Well, it means that in the Cremona
diagram, this part, here, must be horizontal, and then,
the internal force in the first
segment is now determined. Then, we
also have automatically determined, in the Cremona
diagram, the inclination of the last segment of cable, which is
like this. And, we can finish the diagram
of forces.
I copy this inclination in the structural sketch,
and I obtain the end of my auxiliary cable.
So, I stop the auxiliary cable here, by a support.
What did we observe before ?
That is if we extend the first and the last segment of the cable,
we are going to extend them, in this way,
and the last segment too,
well, we
obtain, on the intersection, a point
which is on the line
of action of the resultant.
We come back to the Cremona diagram.
What is the value of the resultant ?
Well, it is equal to the sum of both forces.
I draw it, a little bit staggered for the drawing to stay clear.
But it is clear that the resultant, here, is equal to 30 Newtons.
But where does it pass in the real system ?
Well, this resultant will be vertical.
It will pass by the point which we have determined before.
So, here, I draw the line of action of the resultant,
and then, the resultant itself, I can represent it where I want, for example,
here. I indicate R is equal to 30 Newtons.
For this construction, we are going to construct the resultant of the
forces, starting by the force which will touch the cable first.
For the moment, it is a little bit obscure, but you will see it, you will understand it a
little bit later.
The first thing consists in choosing a support for the
auxiliary cable, then in choosing an initial inclination for the
auxiliary cable, which is going to give us the first segment, like
the last time, but this, it is simply because it suits me well.
Sometimes, it could not be a good solution.
I choose 45 degrees, and I indicate this segment by 1.
We now have to work in the Cremona diagram.
So, I am going to copy the
force of
20 Newtons in the Cremona diagram, and I
also copy the first
segment of cable, which I call 1.
I do not know exactly where it is going
to stop yet.
I now choose, either on the right, the point of intersection
in the Cremona diagram, either the inclination of the second segment.
To change, I am going to choose the
point of intersection in the Cremona diagram.
I am going to choose this point, here. On the basis of this point, here, it
gives me a second segment, which is not horizontal anymore as before.
Then, I copy this segment
into the real system. I indicate it
by 2. I can now add the second
force which is equal to 10 Newtons, and determine the
the rest of the Cremona diagram, with this
inclination here, which I indicate by 3. And I
copy this inclination into the
real system, and I can put
a support. I directly extend
this first line of action.
Here, I put the support about which I talked.
Likewise, I extend the first line
of action.
I have obtained a point on the line of action of the resultant.
The resultant, I get its magnitude, and its orientation, R
equals 30 Newtons, in the Cremona diagram, and afterwards,
I copy this orientation, and I obtain, here,
the line of action of the resultant. And the
resultant itself, I can place it here, on
this line of action, R equals 30 Newtons.
One more time, this method is very general.
It will also apply to several forces, we are going to see it
later, and also to forces which would not be
parallel.
Let's precisely look at the case of the resultant of three parallel forces.
I first draw these three forces in the Cremona diagram.
The first one, of 10 Newtons, the second one, of 20 Newtons,
and the third one, of 30 Newtons.
I choose to place a support.
Note that in this system, the lines of
action of the forces have already been placed, which is
very useful because usually, we are not going to directly intersect
the force, but we will always intersect its line of action.
To change a little bit, we are going to assume that the first segment of the cable is
horizontal. We also draw it
in the Cremona diagram. Actually, I can directly
draw it like this, and I choose this point.
So, it directly gives me the inclination of the second
segment of the cable, which I am going to copy in the real system.
So, this is the segment 1. And this is the segment 2.
The third segment has this
inclination
And the fourth segment is very vertical.
I draw directly its extension, since we have to
find the intersection of the first and of the last segment.
So, this is the segment number 4. Also here, I also
indicate the support which ends the cable. The resultant itself,
in the Cremona diagram, it is vertical, and it has a
magnitude of 60 Newtons. And we can copy this
vertical line of action in the real
system representing the
resultant, here, which is equal to 60 Newtons.
So, we have seen that this system of construction, which
I had shown for two forces, can be applied generally for three
forces, and actually, for any number of forces,
I mean at least as many as you will have the patience for.
In this lecture on the auxiliary cable, we have seen
that this method enables us to determine the shape of a
cable in an arbitrary way, deciding, for example, on the orientation
of the first segment of a cable, even of the first two segments.
We have seen
how to systematically proceed for this construction.
We have seen that this construction, by the intersection
of the first and of the last segment of cable,
gives us a point on the line of action of
the resultant, and it thus enables us to determine
the resultant for any number of forces.
We have seen that this method is very general, and that it can be applied
for parallel forces, or for non-parallel forces.
