Well, what is the meaning of a crisis and a high risk? In Taiwan's Social Welfare, high risk uses to describe a kind of family, which fraught with some danger. So does as Youth with High Risk - well, more on that later- but the risk factor may not be the same. Now, let's get back to the concept of risk. It may have a different meaning when translated, its original meaning as a risk. under this circumstance, the risk may refer to probability theory. What is the meaning of probability? A concept that something might happen, but also might not assure happen. In other words, why did people, we mention before, can live in the slit but not imbrued? But why did someone that lies down with dogs must rise up with fleas? When facing pressure, why someone can overcome difficulties, on the contrary, the other fail? That is the risk which tells us that there exiting some impact factor, may have a great or little influence on someone, in our daily life. For example, in Public Health System, we all agree that the highest-risk men are those who get sick easily. What is the risk youth? That Refers to the environment in which they are, have some conditions or situations which may lead to the problem or not. In other words, we say that there are some problems in these youth's family. But you will be confused because these problems which not only teenager A has but also teenager B has. But why teenager A deteriorate, on the contrary, teenager B doesn't run into? The problem happens in teenager A because teenager A has no way to overcome difficulties. But is that really the case? I would like to comprehend what are these conditions? Then we need further action, hoping to let these conditions have a positive influence. In other words, we hope that everyone can be altruistic to concerning those teenagers. We also hope to find a protective factor which can help those teenagers live in the silt but not imbrued and help them to overcome the threat of danger. In this process, what is the meaning of family? Usually, we say that those youth comes from Dysfunctional family. What is the Dysfunctional family? The first kind is called Single Parent Family which is known widely. In most studies, we find that most of the youth with behavioural disturbances comes from Single Parent Family. So we should have a further discussion of Single Parent Family, and then we find that Single Parent Family pattern isn't the key of this problem, besides it also discriminate Single Parent Family under such statement. So what's the problem? In fact, the problem doesn't lie in the Single Parent Family itself, but the time and procession of it and the conflict before and after the Single Parent Family and the unhappy ending. Let's take an example to give all of you a better understanding. A child called Peipei should face Mommy and Daddy divorcing when she was in sixth grade. But the divorce means a result instead of a beginning because there were lots of conflicts between her parents in early. The reason, obviously, that Peipei told her mom that dad had an affair which made her mom so upset and stressful that always quarreled with dad, finally lead them to divorce. But the innocent Peipei told me that to be honest there was also some false on her mom. That sounds unbelievable since it is her dad who had an affair, why she blamed her mom too? She explained that there was no man who wanted her wife always to quarrel with him after work. Besides, my mom was also the other woman in my dad former marriage. In other words, her mom was her dad's second wife, which means her mom was a cuckoo in the nest! Now she blames the other woman of spoiling their relationship. It does not really make sense. The faithful daughter carried out such an analysis. However, her role is a daughter. How can she claim that it was her father that made a wrong decision in the marriage? After understanding Peipei's thoughts, her mother could not forgive her. She felt that her daughter betrayed her. Peipei was blamed by her mother like, "Why didn't you be on my side and condemn your father for his irresponsibility?" During the process, Peipei was involved in her parent's disturbance. The daughter was forced to bear the responsibility of choosing on a side. During her choice, she found out that she was censured. Peipei figured out that her mother could not accept her thoughts. What's worse, her mother was given custody of Peipei after divorce. That was the moment Peipei's nightmare started. Her mother kept blaming Peipei of not standing on her side. It is obvious that children are forced to face censure from adults in the process of getting divorce. Kids need to choose on a side. At the moment Peipei chose to analyze her parent's relationship objectively, she became a deviated youth that betrayed her family. In that time, Peipei told me that her mother often scolded her, criticized her, and did not allow her to meet her father. Her mother deprive Peipei of many financial conditions she once had. Peipei left home in the end. This meant that Peipei ran away from home. How could she survive without being at home? Peipei then stayed with delinquents. What happened when she needed money while staying with deviated youths? She told me that she ended up working in the sex trade. Peipei had suffered a complete losses. In front of me stands a tumbled girl, a girl that ran away from home, a girl that worked in the sex trade. But after listening to her story, you will realize how much censure and pressure she had gone through during her parent's divorce. These censure and pressure also implied that Peipei lived in family that was filled with conflicts. The conflicts are not just between parents and children. We might think child abuse is simply beating a child, but don't forget that there are many forms of conflict. It might be violence, a physical form, pressure, a mental form, And in a violent environment, the child will only choose to become violent, or choose to helplessly accept the pain from the violence. Besides the conflicts between the parents and the children, conflicts between the couple, as known as marital violence, are also affecting the children. Many adults say, "We never let our kids know our fights," "We are totally fine," "They don't know we are getting divorced." Is that true? Do the youths really not know? Do the children really not know? All the research have shown that by witnessing violence, being in the family atmosphere, and even in the case where some children get hurt by standing on a side are all having a significant negative impact on the children. Many violence witnesses will also learn to use violence to deal with problems. That is why we cannot simply look at the structure in a dysfunctional family. We might even need to think from the whole atmosphere and the interaction in the whole family. Let's talk about discipline. Everyone says that discipline is very important. In the Chinese society, we would also hope that we are able to raise citizens and educate youths well under our discipline. Then, what is improper discipline? We usually divide improper discipline into several types. One is called the "light-pressured discipline" that forces high expectations, the "everything is for your own good" expectation. This actually occurs in the Chinese world very often, so we must take a look at this issue vigilantly. Well, being overly loose or lacking supervision is also a problem. In the families nowadays, parents are busy at work, in hope for a living or for better financial security, to allow the children to live a good life. This phenomenon appears in Chinese and developing countries very often. So while the parents are working, they might leave their kids to the elderly, or they might leave them home alone, especially for the youths. So in the process without discipline, neither do the kids have rules to follow, nor do anyone love them. Some families decided to reject, to be indifferent, to ignore the youths' needs, and to ignore the fact that they also need love. While in the Chinese society, there is a very important concept that needs to be corrected, that one should be the good guy; one should be the bad guy. I believe that at this point, everyone would say that this is easier to give the kids discipline. But in fact, a great deal of research shows that one as a good guy and the other as a bad guy is equivalent to inconsistent discipline. Inconsistent discipline can be often found in teenager's problems. Children may find out that what they can do in front of person A may not be acceptable to person B. Some behaviors can be done in father's presence, but not mother's. Deciding on performing some actions, Some actions are acceptable in front of grandfather and grandmother. The kid will choose to do things in the presence of those who supports him. During the process, there is many confusion while distinguishing wrong and right. Under a complete family filled with conflicts and consolations, the teenager will receive lots of negative impacts. Such impacts may cause even more damage to those teenagers in Single Parent Family filled with love. This is also why we found that the kids do not necessarily have improper behaviors in some single-parent families of early Taiwanese society. Since everyone is in the same boat when it comes to building a family. So we should discuss from modern view while we are dealing with recent events. We should avoid letting children be the scapegoat. We need to understand the syndrome of our kids because most of the time children aren't the problem, the real problem is that parents avoid their own behavior problem, or make excuse for their own interaction issues with others. Finally, What we are going to discuss about family is Youths' differentiation of themselves and family issues are also ought to be important issues. We discover that when it comes to family dispute, we are more likely to offer help to the kids and rescue them. One tends to develop behavior deviation, which means he or she wishes to change their parents and end the family dispute. One might get involved in family dispute because he or she wants to be responsible for the argument. If he lacks the support from the society, he might suffer or leave such family with despair and trauma. In spite of family, school is also a significant factor. Everyone should know that the significance of school culture. In Chinese society, academic performance is considered as very important. The focus on the grades often affects the relationship between teachers and students. Besides the teacher-student relationship, peer relationship and school regulations also affect youths' adaption. In recent years, bully issues and school violence are also common - discussed topics in the school. What about regulations? Are school regulations reasonable? Regulation like hair ban, girls wearing skirt, and uniform socks, like hair ban, girls wearing the skirt, and wearing uniform socks. For many children, these regulations are regarded as limitations. Yet, we discover that most of the students can maintain quality student-teacher relationships if they perform well academically. The vast majority of people don't bully others nor be bullied, and they tend to abide by the school regulations as much as possible. Hence, does it mean that those youths and students who are not able to abide these rules have behavior deviation? The minister of education in Taiwan has conducted a survey, To understand the reason why those who dropped out the schools, and divide those into those who drop out elementary schools and junior high schools. So here comes the question, what reason do you think accounts for the most proportion for students to drop out the elementary schools. What about dropping out the junior high schools? The interesting part is Family factor accounts for the most proportion for those who dropped out the elementary schools. And for those who dropped out during junior high school? Personal factor accounts for the most. You see it is interesting that how come school factor wasn't included in them? Isn't it about dropping out the school? Doesn't dropping out the school means that you no longer want to go to the school? Then why isn't there school factor in it? Since those who did the survey were from the schools. Therefore, it is possible for us to overlook the impact schools have to those who dropped out. We blamed it to the family factor and personal factor. Yet, the influence that the school system had on an individual was neglected. In addition to school and school culture, communities are also crucial. In community factors, we see poor communities, and schools in poor communities often received fewer resources. We all know that many places, especially in Asia, or even Western countries have the so-called school district. School district means the economy and the rich. However, the school district and environment in poor communities are inferior. And the medical resources and the recreational environment are relatively insufficient in comparison. And for those communities with higher crime rate, it doesn't refer to youth delinquency, and yet, adult crimes still have impacts on youths' behavior repeatedly. What worse, some communities may lack some positive support system, and thus, kids often feel helpless and do not have any support from adults from their community when they are facing family dilemmas or peer problems. Therefore, their conditions would worsen and it will be even more difficult for them to deal with the impacts these dangerous factors has brought. So, in this lecture, we will begin with several news topics. I will lead you to know the social image of youths, the meaning of youth subculture, and learn about how youths' behavior deviation be constructed by mainstream society. This being said, how do we interpret behavior deviation from the point of view of demand. Lastly, I will show you the risk factors youths are facing from their surroundings. I hope everyone can think without bias and strive for improving youths' living environment. [music]
