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1.3: Overview, principles of effective writing

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科学论文写作

斯坦福大学

4.9（1,518 個評分） | 76K 名學生已註冊

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This course teaches scientists to become more effective writers, using practical examples and exercises. Topics include: principles of good writing, tricks for writing faster and with less anxiety, the format of a scientific manuscript, peer review, grant writing, ethical issues in scientific publication, and writing for general audiences.

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Grammar, Medical Writing, Science Communication, Writing

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4.9（1,518 個評分）

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HE

Dec 20, 2017

Thanks Dr. Kristin for this interesting course. It was so useful. I have learnt a lot from it. Your pretty way of teaching encouraged me to complete the course. Thanks for this exciting experience.

DK

Jun 17, 2018

Extremely helpful for someone who is just beginning his scientific career (me). It is particularly convenient to have examples from medical articles, as this is the science field I am exploring.

從本節課中

1

Unit 1 introduces the course and reviews key principles of effective writing. In particular, you will practice cutting clutter from writing.

1.1: Introduction; principles of effective writing11:17

1.2: Examples of what not to do6:30

1.3: Overview, principles of effective writing6:25

1.4: Cut the clutter17:08

1.5: Cut the clutter, more tricks4:12

1.6: Practicing cutting clutter9:33

Demo Edit 1 (Optional)23:26

教學方

Dr. Kristin Sainani
Associate Professor

In this next module, I'm going to go through another example, and

use it to illustrate some of the principles of effective

writing that I'm going to be talking about this week as well as next week.

Here's an example that I pulled out of Cell, which is a top biology journal,

with a high impact factor, something around 30.

Again, this example is typical of the scientific literature.

It reads, dysregulation of physiologic microRNA, miR, activity has been shown to

play an important role in tumor initiation and progression, including gliomagenesis.

Therefore, molecular species that can regulate miR activity on their target

RNAs without affecting the expression of relevant mature

miRs may play equally relevant roles in cancer.

I find this passage hard to read.

I have to struggle to figure out exactly what it is the authors were

intending to say.

I'm going to point out some specific features

that make this example difficult to read.

First of all, as in some earlier examples we saw,

there's the use of nouns rather than verbs.

The authors use dysregulation, initiation, progression, and expression.

Those are all nouns that could've been verbs.

Dysregulate, initiate, progress, and express.

Verbs move sentences along, whereas nouns slow the reader down.

The others also use some vague words.

The problem with vague words is that the reader cannot

get a concrete picture in their head of what the author is talking about.

So these vague words don't add anything.

For example, the word physiologic here, physiology is something that's

really broad, so I'm not exactly sure what the authors mean by physiologic.

It doesn't add anything for me, and then we get to molecular species.

Molecular species could be a lot of things,

it doesn't give me a concrete picture of what the authors are talking about.

Also note the use of unnecessary jargon and acronyms in this passage.

We get the term gliomagenesis, which is a fancy way to say the formation of glioma.

So there's an easier and more direct way to say that.

We also get an interesting acronym or initialism in this example.

The acronym is actually the reason that I picked this particular example,

I find it amusing.

The authors abbreviated the term microRNA as miR.

It's amusing because RNA is already itself an acronym, so

the authors have made an acronym of an acronym.

This just illustrates how ridiculous and widespread acronyms and

initialisms are in the scientific literature.

Authors love acronyms.

They throw them in all over the place.

The problem with acronyms is that, unless they are standard terms that

everybody is familiar with, most readers aren't going to know your acronym.

This means that every time they get to your acronym in the paper,

they're going to have to stop and go and look that acronym up.

It's like they have to translate a foreign word.

This is really annoying to readers and it also greatly slows their reading down.

So we don't want to do that obviously.

You can see in this case, there's no benefit to using the acronym.

You're only saving a few letters here by using miR rather than microRNA,

but it completely slows the reader.

So I'm going to encourage you, or advise you to avoid the use of acronyms,

other than those that are completely standard that most people will know.

Another thing I want to point out is,

in this first sentence the authors use the passive voice.

We get the passive verb here is, has been shown.

Now, if you're not familiar with the difference between active and

the passive voice, don't worry.

We're going to go into this in great detail next week in our unit on verbs.

But for now, I'll just point out that this verb construction is awkward.

The passive voice is hard to read because it's not the way we talk.

To give a simple example, take the sentence, she throws the ball.

That's in the active voice.

To turn that into the passive voice, you would say the ball is thrown by her.

And you can hear how awkward that sounds.

Again, we'll go into much more detail about this next week.

Now the second sentence is actually in the active voice but

it has a different problem with the verb.

The subject of that sentence is molecular species.

The main verb or the predicate of that sentence is may play.

So notice we don't get to the main verb for a long time.

We have molecular species and then this long descriptive clause, and

then we finally get to the main verb at may play.

The problem is that the reader is waiting for the verb.

Until you give the reader the verb,

the reader doesn't know where you're going with the sentence.

So putting too much distance between the subject of the sentence and

the main verb is a problem.

That's another thing that we'll talk about in great detail next week

in our unit on verbs.

So I took that passage and I rewrote it to try to fix some of these issues.

I did not have the authors sitting right next to me while I was doing this edit, so

I am not 100% sure that this is what they were trying to say,

but I think I got the gist of it.

The rewrite says, changes in microRNA expression play a role in cancer,

including glioma.

Therefore, events that disrupt microRNAs from binding to their

target RNAs may also promote cancer.

Notice how much shorter and

easier to understand this is compared with the original passage.

But it still conveys the same ideas.

So this leads me to an overview of the specific principles of effective writing

that we're going to be talking about this week and next week.

The first principle I want you to learn is to cut your words,

cut unnecessary words and phrases, get rid of the clutter.

We are going to spend the rest of this week talking about cutting clutter.

Next week we'll talk in great detail about the use of the active voice rather than

the passive voice.

And we'll also talk about writing with verbs, using strong verbs,

avoiding turning verbs into nouns, and not burying the main verb.

But for the rest of this week, we're going to tackle cutting clutter.

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