This course teaches scientists to become more effective writers, using practical examples and exercises. Topics include: principles of good writing, tricks for writing faster and with less anxiety, the format of a scientific manuscript, peer review, grant writing, ethical issues in scientific publication, and writing for general audiences.
1.3: Overview, principles of effective writing
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來自 Stanford University 的課程
Writing in the Sciences
848 個評分
從本節課中
1
Unit 1 introduces the course and reviews key principles of effective writing. In particular, you will practice cutting clutter from writing.
與講師見面
Dr. Kristin SainaniAssociate Professor
Health Research and Policy
In this next module, I'm going to go through another example, and
use it to illustrate some of the principles of effective
writing that I'm going to be talking about this week as well as next week.
Here's an example that I pulled out of Cell, which is a top biology journal,
with a high impact factor, something around 30.
Again, this example is typical of the scientific literature.
It reads, dysregulation of physiologic microRNA, miR, activity has been shown to
play an important role in tumor initiation and progression, including gliomagenesis.
Therefore, molecular species that can regulate miR activity on their target
RNAs without affecting the expression of relevant mature
miRs may play equally relevant roles in cancer.
I find this passage hard to read.
I have to struggle to figure out exactly what it is the authors were
intending to say.
I'm going to point out some specific features
that make this example difficult to read.
First of all, as in some earlier examples we saw,
there's the use of nouns rather than verbs.
The authors use dysregulation, initiation, progression, and expression.
Those are all nouns that could've been verbs.
Dysregulate, initiate, progress, and express.
Verbs move sentences along, whereas nouns slow the reader down.
The others also use some vague words.
The problem with vague words is that the reader cannot
get a concrete picture in their head of what the author is talking about.
So these vague words don't add anything.
For example, the word physiologic here, physiology is something that's
really broad, so I'm not exactly sure what the authors mean by physiologic.
It doesn't add anything for me, and then we get to molecular species.
Molecular species could be a lot of things,
it doesn't give me a concrete picture of what the authors are talking about.
Also note the use of unnecessary jargon and acronyms in this passage.
We get the term gliomagenesis, which is a fancy way to say the formation of glioma.
So there's an easier and more direct way to say that.
We also get an interesting acronym or initialism in this example.
The acronym is actually the reason that I picked this particular example,
I find it amusing.
The authors abbreviated the term microRNA as miR.
It's amusing because RNA is already itself an acronym, so
the authors have made an acronym of an acronym.
This just illustrates how ridiculous and widespread acronyms and
initialisms are in the scientific literature.
Authors love acronyms.
They throw them in all over the place.
The problem with acronyms is that, unless they are standard terms that
everybody is familiar with, most readers aren't going to know your acronym.
This means that every time they get to your acronym in the paper,
they're going to have to stop and go and look that acronym up.
It's like they have to translate a foreign word.
This is really annoying to readers and it also greatly slows their reading down.
So we don't want to do that obviously.
You can see in this case, there's no benefit to using the acronym.
You're only saving a few letters here by using miR rather than microRNA,
but it completely slows the reader.
So I'm going to encourage you, or advise you to avoid the use of acronyms,
other than those that are completely standard that most people will know.
Another thing I want to point out is,
in this first sentence the authors use the passive voice.
We get the passive verb here is, has been shown.
Now, if you're not familiar with the difference between active and
the passive voice, don't worry.
We're going to go into this in great detail next week in our unit on verbs.
But for now, I'll just point out that this verb construction is awkward.
The passive voice is hard to read because it's not the way we talk.
To give a simple example, take the sentence, she throws the ball.
That's in the active voice.
To turn that into the passive voice, you would say the ball is thrown by her.
And you can hear how awkward that sounds.
Again, we'll go into much more detail about this next week.
Now the second sentence is actually in the active voice but
it has a different problem with the verb.
The subject of that sentence is molecular species.
The main verb or the predicate of that sentence is may play.
So notice we don't get to the main verb for a long time.
We have molecular species and then this long descriptive clause, and
then we finally get to the main verb at may play.
The problem is that the reader is waiting for the verb.
Until you give the reader the verb,
the reader doesn't know where you're going with the sentence.
So putting too much distance between the subject of the sentence and
the main verb is a problem.
That's another thing that we'll talk about in great detail next week
in our unit on verbs.
So I took that passage and I rewrote it to try to fix some of these issues.
I did not have the authors sitting right next to me while I was doing this edit, so
I am not 100% sure that this is what they were trying to say,
but I think I got the gist of it.
The rewrite says, changes in microRNA expression play a role in cancer,
including glioma.
Therefore, events that disrupt microRNAs from binding to their
target RNAs may also promote cancer.
Notice how much shorter and
easier to understand this is compared with the original passage.
But it still conveys the same ideas.
So this leads me to an overview of the specific principles of effective writing
that we're going to be talking about this week and next week.
The first principle I want you to learn is to cut your words,
cut unnecessary words and phrases, get rid of the clutter.
We are going to spend the rest of this week talking about cutting clutter.
Next week we'll talk in great detail about the use of the active voice rather than
the passive voice.
And we'll also talk about writing with verbs, using strong verbs,
avoiding turning verbs into nouns, and not burying the main verb.
But for the rest of this week, we're going to tackle cutting clutter.
