Introduction

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來自 University of Florida 的課程

Science of Training Young Athletes Part 2

30 個評分

University of Florida

Science of Training Young Athletes Part 2

30 個評分

In this course you will learn how to design the type of training that takes advantage of the plastic nature of the athlete’s body so you mold the right phenotype for a sport. We explore ways the muscular system can be designed to generate higher force and power and the type of training needed to mold the athlete's physical capacity so it meets the energy and biochemical demands of the sport. We also examine the cost of plasticity when it is carried beyond the ability of the body to adjust itself to meet the imposed training stresses. The cost of overextending plasticity comes in the form injuries and chronic fatigue. In essence, a coach can push the athlete’s body too far and it can fail. Upon completion of this course you will be able to assemble a scientifically sound annual training plan.

從本節課中

Sport specific strength and power

Training an athlete’s strength and power so it improves their sport performance is a challenging aspect of coaching. Here is the important knowledge you must have: First, you must understand the important terminology such as strength, torque, work and power. Second, you must be able to apply the principle of specificity and transfer of training effects to the athlete’s strength and power development. Third, you must know what peripheral structural adaptations and central adaptations you are trying to accomplish.

Introduction5:11

Inter-Muscular Coordination6:15

Motor Unit Classification5:26

Control of Muscle Force10:28

Back to Inter-Muscular Coordination2:10

與講師見面

Dr. Chris Brooks
Instructor
Coaching Science Coordinator for USA Track and Field

In this lesson, we continue our examination about adaptations

associated with an athlete's strength and power training.

In the previous lesson, we discussed adaptations occurring outside the central

nervous system, and we called these the peripheral structural adaptations.

Our focus in this lesson is on the central nervous system adaptations.

Both peripheral structural changes and central nervous system's

adaptations explain why athletes who appear to have the same muscular

development generate different forces when performing the same sports skills.

Central adaptations increase the athlete's force and

power through control and synchronization of muscle fibers and muscle groups.

The central nervous system controls muscles, and

therefore the athlete's strength and power, and

can be examined from two perspectives.

The first perspective is at the intramuscular level,

and the second perspective is at the intermuscular level.

Control at the intramuscular level involves how well the individual

fibers in the muscle synchronously contract and relax.

When more muscle fibers are recruited to contract and

relax synchronously, the athlete will have a higher force production.

When comparing two athletes of the same body size,

the stronger athlete will be the one who can activate a large

number of muscle fibers in the appropriate muscles.

In addition to this, their muscle fibers are activated in an organized way.

In other words, they are synchronized better.

In contrast, the activation of an untrained,

novice athlete's muscle fibers is more haphazard.

Through training, the activation of muscle fibers become much better synchronized.

Producing a maximal force also requires activation and

coordination of several muscles, and

this is referred to as intermuscular coordination.

Inexperienced athletes have an inefficient coordination of their muscles,

and as a result, when performing a skill, their movements are not smooth.

Intramuscular and intermuscular coordination improves

with continued practice due to neural adaptation.

This is the reason superior athletes look really smooth and

effortless when they perform the skills associated with their sport.

Now, just to refresh your memory from part one of this training science series,

muscle fibers within a single muscle are activated into, or

organized into small bundles of motor nerves.

The bundle of fibers and

the nerves stimulating them is referred to as a motor unit.

There are many motor units within one muscle.

The neuron of a motor unit excites its muscle fiber,

and this, in turn, contracts or relaxes it.

The force a muscle exerts depends on how many motor

units are concurrently activated by the brain.

The brain uses motor units to increase or

decrease muscle force in three different ways.

It can recruit more motor units when more force is necessary,

and this is called recruitment.

It can alter the firing rate of the motor unit, and this is called rate coding.

And it can stimulate more motor units to fire simultaneously.

Motor units typically fire asynchronously, and synchronized motor units

permit a higher total muscle force than when they fire asynchronously.

However, the smoothness and contraction of the muscle is lost,

and the muscle will also be quicker to fatigue.

So in this lesson, when you have completed it,

you'll be able to discuss the difference between inter and

intra muscular contribution to force production, describe

a motor unit, explain how motor unit recruitment,

rate coding, and synchronization contribute to force production.

So let's get started.

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