As a state with one of the largest arsenals of nuclear weapons Russia is a key participant of nuclear non-proliferation regime and defines nuclear arms control as a priority of its foreign policy. This course will discover the logic and the frames of Russian nuclear arms control policies. You will learn the historical background and the modern context of bilateral US-Russian relations in nuclear arms control and understand how these relations influence the global nuclear non-proliferation regime. You will get the basic tools for analyzing Russian defence and security policy in regards to nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament. Upon the completion this course the students will… ...be able to - analyze the actions of a state from the point of view of the present treaties on nuclear arms control; - come up with their own opinion on the problem commented by the arms control experts; - make arguments supporting their position in discussions of nuclear arms control. ...get to know - the technical, political and strategic aspects of agreements on nuclear arms control; - the content of arms control treaties in which Russia participates; - the trustworthy informational resources dedicated to the problem of nuclear arms control. ...be familiar with - the special terminology in the area of arms control; - the modern state and the perspectives of international policy regarding nuclear arms control; - the basics of Russia’s nuclear arms control policy.
3.7 'Disarmament'
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來自 Saint Petersburg State University 的課程
Russia and Nuclear Arms Control
21 個評分
從本節課中
Nuclear Arms Control
與講師見面
Anastasia A. MalyginaAssistant Professor
Department of Theory and History of International Relations
Andrey Y. PavlovProfessor
Department of Theory and History of International Relations
[MUSIC]
As you remember, the three pillars of nuclear non-proliferation are,
the peaceful use of the nuclear energy, nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament.
Let's now focus on the provisions of
the NPT that describe the idea of nuclear disarmament.
The concept of disarmament described in the NPT,
shapes the normative frame for the nuclear policies
of the nuclear power state parties to the NPT.
However, I must highlight that
there are states possessing nuclear weapons that have never signed and
ratified the treaty, namely, Israel, India and Pakistan and
North Korea has withdrawn from the NPT.
So there are now any universal international norms that set
legally binding obligations and limit fair nuclear policies.
However, India and Pakistan have developed
a series of nuclear arms arrangements on the bilateral level.
First of all, let's discover the notion of the disarmament,
how it is described in the preamble of the NPT.
The states concluding the Treaty recognize that a nuclear
war would mean devastation to the world and human civilization.
A nuclear war would cause severe damage.
And mankind could hardly ever recover from the effects of the nuclear war.
And nuclear war must not happen, because it leads to massive casualties.
The proliferation of nuclear weapons and uncontrolled nuclear
arms race Might lead to a nuclear war.
So, the security of the states,
Depends on the measures and
efforts to regulate a nuclear arms race and
efforts to prevent a nuclear war.
By signing the NPT, the state parties declare
the intention to stop the nuclear arms race.
The measures that are described in the preamble
are understood as the series of steps that
should be made on the road to the goal of world free of nuclear weapons.
As the weapon of battlefield,
nuclear weapons would lead the world to catastrophe.
And world free of nuclear weapons would be a safer place to live in.
That's what the NPT preamble says.
However, the state parties to the Treaty
recognize that the expected measures
will take much time and much effort,
Because these measures must be effective.
And it's obvious that developing an effective nuclear
arms control measures is not an easy task.
The state parties to the Treaty recognize that working
on effective international, multilateral measures
in the sphere of nuclear arms control and disarmament would take much time.
That's why the preamble doesn't set any definite time
framework for settling any arrangement.
The preamble just says that the nuclear arms race
must be stopped as soon as possible.
And now let's have a look at the provisions of the Article VI of the NPT.
The first half of the sentence that you can see on the slide is process oriented.
The Parties to the Treaty undertake obligations
to be involved in the process of negotiations.
And this process of negotiations may take different forms,
from consultations to talks and developing a draft of a treaty.
However, the second part of the sentence is goal oriented.
The ultimate goal of all nuclear arms control activities
undertaken by the state parties to the NPT is world free of nuclear weapons.
And the Article VI sets up a clear
criteria to evaluate
the results of the efforts of the State Parties to the Treaty.
The Arms Control Measures
developed in the framework of the Article VI of the NPT
must be effective, international and strict.
These measures must provide an instrument for
an effective verification mechanism
of the compliance to the obligations onto the NPT.
And the Soviet Union, together with the United States,
were the first state parties to the NPT who started
to be involved in such negotiation process.
Those two superpowers
made several practical steps to
implement the obligations on to the Article VI of the NPT.
First, they negotiated the measures
to stop a nuclear arms race.
So the first treaties were the treaties of limiting nuclear armaments.
But later the United States together with the USSR,
later Russia, moved to the next step,
they started to negotiate measures to reduce nuclear armaments.
Since the end of the Cold War, Russia, together with the United States,
have significantly reduced nuclear arsenals.
The reference to the Article VI of the NPT
is included in the preamble of all Soviet-American and
later the US Russian nuclear arms control agreements.
We can see this formula for the first time in the Salt 1 Agreement.
And later it was repeated in Salt 2
INF Treaty and Start 1 Agreement.
Settling arrangements, the two nuclear super powers were I cite,
mindful of the obligations under the Article VI of the Treaty
on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, end of quote.
In new Start 2010 Treaty,
the statement was enhanced with the following wording.
I cite, committed to the fulfillment
of their obligations under the Article VI of the NPT,
and to the achievement of the historic goal
of freeing humanity from the nuclear threat.
What does Russia American joined nuclear disarmament
efforts mean for the nuclear nonproliferation regime?
First of all, Russia and the US
have accumulated a profound invaluable experience
in developing definitions, verification procedures,
adaptation mechanisms, confidence building, and transparency measures.
And all that experience can be used by other states who possess nuclear weapons
to develop bilateral and multilateral arms control agreements.
Second, above practical value, there is a symbolic meaning.
The US Russian Nuclear Arms Control Agreements
proved the adherence of the two leading nuclear power states
to the ideas described in the preamble and the Article VI of the NPT.
Traditionally, the lack of achievements in the sphere of nuclear disarmament
has been a sole issue, in the relations between the nuclear
weapon states and non-nuclear weapon states parties to the treaty.
And vice versa, any legal steps and
success in the field of nuclear disarmament was always
enthusiastically greeted.
And third, last, but not least, traditionally
every step on the road from the negotiating the arms control agreement
to the report about the complete and
total implementation of all obligations
involves a lot of people, parliamentarians, executives,
diplomats, the military, the engineers and workers.
And the US-Russian communication,
in the sphere of nuclear arms control,
have created a stable metric of contacts,
personal contacts, multi-level contacts,
cross-governmental contacts.
That was very important for
sustainable communication in
the periods of political crisis.
So for more than three decades, a lot of people in the US and
in Russia have been involved in a sphere of nuclear arms control.
And it was extremely important in reproducing
the new generations of arms control experts.
A lot of people on a regular basis were involved in the activities
related to nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation.
