本课程将介绍各领域专家所使用的学习方法，他们包括艺术家、文学家、数学家、科学家、运动员和很多其他领域专家。我们将学习如何使用两种不同的大脑模式，以及大脑如何封装（“chunks”）信息。我们还将介绍能力错觉（illusions of learning），记忆技巧，对付拖延症的方法，以及研究表明能帮助我们掌握困难科目的方法。
无论您在所学领域是专家还是菜鸟，您都可以使用这些方法，改变自己的思维模式，重塑自己的人生。如果您是所学领域的专家，通过学习大脑认知的底层知识，您可以进一步提高自己的学习能力，您将了解反直觉的考试技巧和见解，从而能够更高效地完成作业和习题。如果您在学习中遇到困难，系统有效的学习技巧将帮助您将走上正轨。无论您希望学习什么内容，这门课程都可以作为您的指南。
Ramón y Cajal Distinguished Scholar of Global Digital Learning, McMaster University Professor of Engineering, Industrial & Systems Engineering, Oakland University
Dr. Terrence Sejnowski
Francis Crick Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies Computational Neurobiology Laboratory
Hong Chee Joo
[SOUND] In this video, I'm going to synthesize
some of the main ideas of this week's videos.
In other words, we'll chunk our week on chunking.
Here we go.
Chunks are pieces of information, neuroscientifically speaking, that
are bound together through use and often through meaning.
You can think of a chunk as a scintillating
network of neurons that compactly synthesizes key ideas or actions.
Chunks can get bigger and more complex.
But at the same time, they're a single easy to access item that
you can fit like a ribbon into the slot on your working memory.
Chunks are best built with focused,
undivided attention, understanding of the basic idea.
And practice to help deepen your patterns and to help you gain big picture context.
Simple recall, trying to remember the key points without looking at the
page, is one of the best ways to help the chunking process along.
It seems to help build neural hooks.
They help you better understand the material.
Also try recalling material in places that
are different from where you originally learned the
material, so it becomes more deeply ingrained
and accessible, regardless of what room you're in.
This can be very helpful for tests.
Transfer is the idea that a chunk you've mastered in one area can often help
you much more easily learn chunks of information
in different areas that can share surprising commonalities.
Interleave your learning by practicing your choice of
different concepts, approach, and techniques all in one session.
Chunks are very important, but they don't necessarily build flexibility, which
is also important in becoming an expert with the material you're learning.
Illusions of competence in learning.
Learn to recognize when you're fooling yourself
about whether you're actually learning the material.
Test yourself frequently.
Using little mini-tests to see whether you're actually learning the material, or
whether you've been fooling yourself, thinking
you're learning when you're actually not.
Recall is actually a form of mini-testing.
Try to avoid depending too much on highlighting, which can fool you into
thinking that the material is going into your brain when it actually isn't.
Mistakes are a good thing to make when you're learning.
They allow you to catch illusions of competence.
Avoid practicing only the easy stuff, which can
bring the illusion that you've mastered the material.
Deliberately practice what you find more difficult
to gain full mastery of the material.
Einstellung is when your initial thought, an idea
you've already had in mind, or a neural
pattern you've already developed well and strengthened, prevents
a better idea or solution from being found.
Or keeps you from being flexible enough
to accept new, better, or more appropriate solutions.
The Law of Serendipity is helpful.
Lady Luck favors the one who tries.
Just pick one tiny thing out to learn, then another.
Just keep trying and you'll be pleasantly surprised at the results.
Dr. Barbara OakleyRamón y Cajal Distinguished Scholar of Global Digital Learning, McMaster University
Dr. Terrence SejnowskiFrancis Crick Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies
Hong Chee Joo
