集中与发散思维概论

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來自 McMaster University 的課程

学会如何学习：帮助你掌握复杂学科的强大智力工具（Learning How to Learn）

897 個評分

McMaster University

学会如何学习：帮助你掌握复杂学科的强大智力工具（Learning How to Learn）

897 個評分

本课程将介绍各领域专家所使用的学习方法，他们包括艺术家、文学家、数学家、科学家、运动员和很多其他领域专家。我们将学习如何使用两种不同的大脑模式，以及大脑如何封装（“chunks”）信息。我们还将介绍能力错觉（illusions of learning），记忆技巧，对付拖延症的方法，以及研究表明能帮助我们掌握困难科目的方法。无论您在所学领域是专家还是菜鸟，您都可以使用这些方法，改变自己的思维模式，重塑自己的人生。如果您是所学领域的专家，通过学习大脑认知的底层知识，您可以进一步提高自己的学习能力，您将了解反直觉的考试技巧和见解，从而能够更高效地完成作业和习题。如果您在学习中遇到困难，系统有效的学习技巧将帮助您将走上正轨。无论您希望学习什么内容，这门课程都可以作为您的指南。

從本節課中

什么是学习？

尽管活体大脑相当复杂，但此单元将利用隐喻与类比帮助简化内容。你将发现几个完全不同的思维模式，并了解能怎样利用这些模式改进自己的学习。你还将接触到一项治疗拖延症的工具，获得一些有关记忆的实用信息，并意外地挖掘到一些有关学习与睡眠的实用见解。如果你希望作好更充分的准备，那么可以选读《数字思维》（非必修内容，但却是此MOOC的基础教材）。该书也已有华语简体版《学习之道》和华语繁体版《用對腦，從此不再怕數字：學會如何學習，以如何創意思考，解決(幾乎)所有的問題》，还将推出更多外语版本，敬请期待。这本书让你有机会巩固在本课程中学到的学习方法，你可以在空白处作笔记或以电子笔记的形式帮助进一步推动思维的“组块化”。

集中与发散思维概论4:40

Terrence Sejnowski与Barbara Oakley——课程结构介绍2:50

利用集中与发散思维，或者采用一点画家达利所用的方法也行4:02

什么是学习？5:40

與講師見面

Dr. Barbara Oakley
Ramón y Cajal Distinguished Scholar of Global Digital Learning, McMaster University
Professor of Engineering, Industrial & Systems Engineering, Oakland University
Dr. Terrence Sejnowski
Francis Crick Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies
Computational Neurobiology Laboratory
Hong Chee Joo

What do you do when you just can't figure something out?

For zombies, it's pretty simple.

They can just keep bashing their brains against the wall.

But living brains are a lot more complex.

It turns out, though, that if you understand just a little bit of some of

the basics about how your brain works, you

can learn more easily and be less frustrated.

Researchers have found that we have two fundamentally different modes of thinking.

Here, I'll call them the Focused and the Diffuse modes.

We're familiar with focusing.

It's when you concentrate intently on something

you're trying to learn or to understand.

But we're not so familiar with diffuse thinking.

Turns out that this more relaxed thinking style

is related to a set of neural resting states.

We're going to use an analogy of the game

of pinball to help us understand these two thinking modes.

Incidentally, both metaphor and analogy are really

helpful when you're trying to learn something new.

If you remember, a pinball game works by,

you pull back on the plunger, release it, and

a ball goes boinking out, bouncing around on

the rubber bumpers, and that's how you get points.

So, here's your brain, with the ears right here, and the eyes looking upwards.

And we can lay that pinball machine right down inside it.

So, there you go.

There's the analogy for the focused mode.

The blue bumper bumpers here are placed very close to one another.

See this orange pattern here towards the top?

It represents a familiar thought pattern.

Maybe involving something simple like adding some numbers, or

more advanced ideas like literary

criticism or calculating electromagnetic flows.

You think a thought, boom, it takes off, moves smoothly along.

And then, as it's bouncing around on the bumpers, you're

able to figure out the problem you're trying to solve, or.

The concept you're trying to understand that's

related to something you're rather familiar with.

So look at how that thought moves smoothly

around on the fuzzy underlying orange neural pathway.

In some sense it's as if it's traveling along a familiar, nicely paved road.

But what if the problem you're working on needs new ideas or approaches?

Concepts you haven't thought of before.

That's symbolized here by this neural pattern

towards the bottom of the pinball machine area.

But if you haven't thought that thought before, you don't

even know how that pattern feels or where it is.

So how are you going to develop that new thought in the first place?

Not only do you not know where the pattern is or what the pattern looks like, but

see all the rubber bumpers that are blocking your

access whatever direction you do decide to move in?

To get to this new thought pattern, you need a different way of thinking.

And that's represented here, by the diffuse mode.

Look at how widely spaced the rubber bumpers are.

Thought takes off, look at how it moves widely, bounces around.

It could travel a long way before being interrupted by hitting a bumper.

In this diffuse mode of thinking, you can look

at things broadly from a very different, big-picture perspective.

You can make new neural connections traveling along new pathways.

You can't focus in as tightly as you often

need to, to finalize any kind of problem solving.

Or understand the finest aspects of a concept.

But you can at least get to the initial place

you need to be in to home in on a solution.

Now as far as neuroscientists know right now, you're either

in the focused mode or the diffuse mode of thinking.

It seems you can't be in both thinking modes at the same time.

It's kind of like a coin.

We can see either one side, or the other side of the coin.

But not both sides at the same time.

Being in one mode seems to limit your

access to the other mode's way of thinking.

In our next video we're going to see how some extraordinary

people access their diffuse ways of thinking to do great things.

Thanks for learning about learning, I'm Barbara Oakley.

[BLANK_AUDIO]

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