I want to show you today a series of these concrete constructions, concrete experiments we might call them, that begin to turn up not only in Rome itself, but also in some of the cities close to Rome that we saw Rome began to colonize. In the Republic and into the age of Augustus cities that either are the same or very close to the ones that we looked at last time, and I'll show you a map momentarily. I just want to begin with one in Rome itself. This is the so-called Porticus Aemilia in Rome. The Porticus Aemilia was a warehouse, a very large warehouse on the banks of the Tiber river. The Porticus Aemilia was built as you can see from the dates on your monument list, very early on, 193 B.C., and then restored in 174 B.C.. Only a small fragment of the Porticus Aemilia survives today, but we have a lot of evidence, a lot of clues, that we can piece together through detective, through scholarly detective work, to determine what this building looked like in antiquity, and we can get a quite accurate sense. We have, for example, the words of the great Roman historian, Livy, Livy who was writing in the age of Augustus. He tells us that the Porticus Aemilia, he describes it, he mentions the Porticus Aemilia. And he tells us it was located on the east bank of the Tiber River, and that it was south, southwest of one of Rome's Seven Hills, the Aventine Hill. Southwest of the Aventine Hill, which is enormously helpful because it gives archaeologists and so on a clue, as to where they might look for remains of this particular structure. So we have that. We also have a fragment of the building, we believe, because it's located just in the right place. And I show it to you here. It's not much, it's a piece [LAUGH] it's essentially a hunk of concrete that includes a, an arched doorway and some arched windows. But it's very important in terms of allowing us to reconstruct what this structure looked like in antiquity. But most significant of all we have a fragment from what is known as the Marble Map of Rome. The Marble Map of Rome called the Forma Urbis and I've put that word on the monument list, that title on the monument list for you. The Forma Urbis-- the Forma Urbis was a great marble map that was made of Rome in the early third century A.D., under the emperorship of Septimius Severus, and put up on a wall in Rome, and we'll talk about its location later on in the semester. But it purported to represent all the buildings that were standing in Rome in the early third century, B, in the early, in the early third century A.D.. It is fragmentary today, but there are a fair number of fragments, and fortunately a couple of those fragments, or several of those fragments, are fragments that represent the Porticus Aemilia. So we can tell from that, from that from Livy's description, from this fragmentary remain, we can piece together what it looked like. And you can see it here, a very, very long, rectangular structure that went all along the bank of the river. Storage, you need a lot of storage. You're, you know, from the, especially with the, as the Romans began to conquer the world, they were trading more extensively with other parts of the world, and consequently, they needed, they needed places along the Tiber river. To store the goods that were both going out and coming in. So they build this gigantic warehouse along the banks of the Tiber. Now there's a fair amount of disagreement about some of the smaller details of this warehouse and what it looked like in antiquity. So we have to do the best that we can to bring that evidence together to determine what it looked like. But as, as I said in some details you'll see there's variation. So sev, several of the things I'm going to show you very slightly. But the only one that you'll ultimately [LAUGH] responsible for is the one that's on your monument list. But I just want you to be aware of the fact that that there are different, that there are different interpretations of exactly what it look like. Wha- what we are sure of, and what's most important for us today, is that it was made of concrete and that it had barrel vaults. What was a barrel vault? The barrel vault was a, a, a, a vault that was again made out of concrete, placed on a wall, and then had the vault was shaped like the side of a barrel, as you can see here which is why it's called a barrel vault, shaped like the side of a barrel resting on walls down below. A fairly simple shape, that could not have been made or it would be very difficult to make out of stone, but was easily able to be made out of concrete. And we see a series of those barrel vaults placed one next to another, for the warehouse, for the Porticus Aemilia in Rome. It was placed, and actually I, I neglected to mention, Livy also tells us that the Porticus Aemilia had four tiers, it was tiered in four levels. And we see those four tiers here, rising up ever so slightly along the slope, of the Tiber river. This is a cross section of what the inside of the Basilica Aemilia might have looked like. You see those great barrel vaults here. You see that the architect has been adventerous in the sense that he has not placed the barrel vaults on solid wall, as we saw in that diagram. But has opened those walls up, created piers, and arches above those piers, to create these arcades, which is quite ingenious, and, and very smart, because what it does is enable there there to be both axial movement through the building, but also lateral movement. You can walk, not only along each barrel vault, but you can walk in between the piers, which, as I said, creates much more open, a sense of much more openness, and lateral as well as axial movement. The other thing that you see here is, are the back walls, where we can see just what we saw in that fragment of the building. The arched doorways, as well as the arched windows in the back walls, which of course allow light into the structure. Lots of activity needed to happen here as things were moved in and out, and those who worked here needed to be able to see, everything that they were doing. The, the view that you have on your monument list is this one. It's a restored view of what the Porticus Aemilia might have looked like in antiquity, and it's very helpful. It's a cutaway view which gives you most of the major features all in one place. You can see that it is indeed tiered, there are four tiers for this structure that they move up slightly as they move up the slope of the hill. You can see the use of the barrel vaults. You can see the piers down below. You can see the flat roof that these seem to have. But as they rose up slightly along the slope of the hill, you can see that the that the designer has placed small, curved, slit windows on each tier to allow again additional light into the structure. And you could also see, from this diagram, that it was made of concrete and faced with opus incertum work, these small, small irregular stones, that we saw in the Temple of Vesta, also used as the facing material here. Here's one more, restored view, which shows you roughly the same, the four tiers. The barrel vaults, the windows, the various tiers and then most importantly these, these doorways and windows in the back, as well as the general space that was available inside this extraordinary building. I mentioned that while we'll look at a couple of buildings, several buildings in Rome. I also want to go out to some of the colonies that were founded by the Romans in the vicinity of Rome in the second and first centuries B.C., and where they began to build as we saw. They began to plan towns. They began to put walls around those towns. They began to put temples in those towns. And they also began to put other structures including warehouses and sanctuary's and the like. The ones that we're going to look at today here again, Rome is at the star and we're going to look at buildings in Terracina, over here, in Tivoli, and also in Palestrina. And you can see the proximity of those to others we talked about last time, Norba and Cosa and Falerii Novi, and so on and so forth. It's not surprising, again, to see the Romans turning to their environs, as they make these earliest towns and as they start to fill these towns to make them into the kind of mini Romes that they, that they so desired. So I'm going to, we're going to look at a series of these, of different dates and of considerable interest, in terms of what they herald for the future of Roman architecture. The first that we're going to look at is a market hall, a market hall at a place called Ferentino, Ferentino and it dates to I may have neglected to men- to show you Ferentino on that map, but it's in will all the others there, Ferentino around 100 B.C., it dates to. And you can see that it's essentially one giant barrel vault, one giant barrel vault, which was used as the market hall. The, you can see also that that giant barrel vault, which is made of concrete, has opening off it, on the sides, a series of arched areas, with also barrel vaulted on the inside. These were used as the market stalls, inside this market place. You can also see I believe very well, that the facing that is used for this concrete is opus incertum work for the walls and for the vaults. And then what they've done to emphasize the location and the shape of the arches, they have used stone around those, also to give further solidity to this part of the building. They have used stone, and you can see it's a combination of, of nicely cut ashlar blocks, down here, but also of the voussoir blocks that we saw in the Falerii Novi gate, used over the arches. So this combination of both stone and of, of, cut-, of, of, opus quadratum stone, and also of opus incertum, used as the facing for this particular structure. What's significant about this building is that it looks forward, to things that we're going to see later on develop in Roman architecture. Primarily, I showed you in the introductory lecture, a glimpse of the markets of Trajan in Rome, and I remind you here of the great market hall of the markets of Trajan, which is even more sophisticated in its use of concrete, because it has ribbed vaults, as you can see. But this experimentation that we're going to see in the early second century A.D., in Rome would not have been possible, without the experimentation in concrete that took place in this very early stage, in the second century and in the first centuries B.C.
