2.B.7 Intraplate Earthquakes

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來自 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 的課程

Planet Earth...and You!

25 個評分

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Planet Earth...and You!

25 個評分

Earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building, ice ages, landslides, floods, life evolution, plate motions—all of these phenomena have interacted over the vast expanses of deep time to sculpt the dynamic planet that we live on today. Planet Earth presents an overview of several aspects of our home, from a geological perspective. We begin with earthquakes—what they are, what causes them, what effects they have, and what we can do about them. We will emphasize that plate tectonics—the grand unifying theory of geology—explains how the map of our planet's surface has changed radically over geologic time, and why present-day geologic activity—including a variety of devastating natural disasters such as earthquakes—occur where they do. We consider volcanoes, types of eruptions, and typical rocks found there. Finally, we will delve into the processes that produce the energy and mineral resources that modern society depends on, to help understand the context of the environment and sustainability challenges that we will face in the future.

從本節課中

Week 2: Plate Tectonics

In the early twentieth century, publication of the hypothesis on continental drift caused an uproar that soon died down. Data collected in mid-century led geologists to reconsider the idea that continents could move. During the 1960s and 1970s, old ideas were reworked into what is now called the theory of plate tectonics. As we will see, this robust theory encompasses many geological phenomena that appear to be unrelated at first glance: earthquakes and volcanoes, but also ice ages, fossils, and mountains. Today, plate tectonics provides an overarching framework for interpreting the Earth. We study its details in Week 2, but we will return to this theory again and again throughout the rest of this course.

2.B.1 Discovering Plate Tectonics4:56

2.B.2 Earth's Internal Layers and the Concept of a Plate7:07

2.B.3 Three Types of Plate Boundaries: Divergent Plate Boundary6:20

2.B.4 Three Types of Plate Boundaries: Convergent Plate Boundary6:25

2.B.5 Three Types of Plate Boundaries: Transform Plate Boundary5:05

2.B.6 Continental Rifts and Continental Collisions5:16

2.B.7 Intraplate Earthquakes6:04

2.B.8 The Velocity of Plate Motion7:45

2.B.9 Plate Driving Mechanisms7:02

與講師見面

Dr. Stephen Marshak
Professor and Director of the School of Earth, Society, and Environment
Department of Geology
Dr. Eileen Herrstrom
Lecturer
Geology

[SOUND]

[MUSIC]

Okay, so we've been talking about earthquakes that do not occur at definable

plate boundaries.

And we've seen that many of them occur at rifts where continents are pulling and

breaking apart.

Many of them occur at collision zones where two continents

are quashing together.

There's a third type called intraplate earthquakes intra meaning within.

Intraplate earthquakes are those that are not really associated with rifts,

collision zones or plate boundaries, but are occurring within an area that

is the interior of a plate away from the plate boundary.

Now to get a sense of intraplate earthquakes let's look at this map

showing the location of epicenters in the eastern two-thirds of the United States.

Now remember that North America is part of the North American plate.

But with the North American plate includes not only the continent of North America

but also the western half of the Atlantic Ocean floor.

So the plate boundary is actually way to these with the mid-atlantic ridges.

That submarine mountain range that runs down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.

The western boundary of the North American Plate is the San Andreas fault or

the Cascade subduction system along the west coast of North America.

Note that some plate boundaries are out in the middle of the ocean floor.

Some plate boundaries are along the edge of the ocean basins and

some plate boundaries are along the edge of the coastline of a continent.

But note that not all continental coasts are plate boundaries.

So geologists make a distinction between those continental coasts

that are plate boundaries, and those are called active margins.

And those continental coasts that are not plate boundaries, and

those are called passive margins.

So say, for example, in the case of South America,

the west coast of South America is an active continental margin,

it coincides with the plate boundary and is the site of many earthquakes.

In contrast, the eastern margin of North America Is a passive continental margin,

as is the east coast of South America.

These are continental margins where there is a boundary between oceanic crust and

continental crust, but there is no seismicity, and

there is no relative motion.

We're looking at a map of the eastern two-thirds of the United States.

Remember that this region is in the interior of the North American plate.

The eastern plate boundary,

the mid-Atlantic ridge is way off the map in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.

The western plate boundary, the San Andreas fault, and the cascade volcanic

chain is off to the west along the west coast of North America.

So this is an intraplate setting.

And yet there are many red dots here representing epicenters of earthquakes.

And in fact there are clusters of red dots representing seismic zones.

They're not long, continuous seismic zones like plate boundaries, but

nevertheless they're clearly seismic zones.

Perhaps the most prominent of these is the New Madrid seismic zone,

which occurs along the Mississippi River Valley,

just along the southeastern most corner of the state of Missouri.

I've pronounced it New Madrid, because that's how it's pronounced locally,

even though it's spelled the same as the city Madrid.

Now, New Madrid had a number of major earthquakes,

actually three major earthquakes back around 1811, 1812.

Since then, there have been many, many earthquakes.

Most of them are smaller than magnitude four or five.

So they're not great earthquakes.

But one of the stories about earthquake hazard is that where earthquakes have

happened in the past, it's possible that they can happen in the future.

So it's possible that there could be large earthquakes on

the New Madrid system sometime in the future.

Other belts that we can see here.

There's earthquake activity in eastern Tennessee, there's earthquake activity

near Charleston, there's earthquake activity near Montreal.

All of these earthquakes are intraplate earthquakes.

And why they occur is not fully understood.

One of the explanations is that they occur along ancient, but still weak,

fault zones.

And that the continent of North America, even though it's not a plate boundary,

the rocks of the continent are still under stress.

They're being compressed due to the activity along the edge of the plate

boundary, due to the interaction of the plate with the underlying mantel.

And sometimes these stresses are significant enough or

become large enough to cause the rock along a long lift fault to suddenly fail.

The fault suddenly slips and that generates an earthquake.

Looking at an overall map of the planet, we can test our knowledge and

now understand why the seismic belts occur where they do.

For example, the west coast of South America.

That's a seismic belt because of the subduction of Pacific Ocean floor

beneath South America.

Its not the Pacific Plate actually, its the Nazca Plate.

But nevertheless it's subduction.

Why is there seismic activity down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean?

That's the mid-Atlantic ridge, a divergent plate boundary.

Seismic activity along Japan, that's subduction of the Pacific Ocean floor

Pacific plate, and the same with the Aleutians.

Why is there earthquake activity down the middle of the Indian Ocean?

That's again, a mid-ocean ridge.

And the earthquake activity in Africa, the East African Rift.

The earthquake activity in a stripe from the Alps to the Himalayas,

that's due to collisional tectonics.

So now you can look at a map showing the distribution of earthquakes on our planet,

then their distribution is no longer a mystery.

They're easily understandable,

by understanding the basic principles of plate tectonics.

[MUSIC]

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