The Road to Perception

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來自 The University of Chicago 的課程

了解大脑：日常生活中的神经生物学

619 個評分

The University of Chicago

了解大脑：日常生活中的神经生物学

619 個評分

Learn how the nervous system produces behavior, how we use our brain every day, and how neuroscience can explain the common problems afflicting people today. We will study functional human neuroanatomy and neuronal communication, and then use this information to understand how we perceive the outside world, move our bodies voluntarily, stay alive, and play well with others.

從本節課中

Perception and Vision

Perception is how the brain interprets incoming stimuli. Not all stimuli that can be sensed are perceivable, and sometimes those that can be perceived play tricks on us. The systematic ways that stimuli are interpreted (or misinterpreted) show how well the brain can understand our surroundings, sometimes with limited information. This module we will explore perception and vision.This module contains a lot of material, so be sure to start early so that you have time to finish!

Introduction to Perception4:01

Sensory Interpretation: Optical Illusions3:33

Sensory Interpretation: Auditory Illusions3:09

Sensory Interpretation: Weber's Law4:06

Stimulus Set7:07

The Road to Perception5:10

Name the Senses4:53

與講師見面

Peggy Mason
Professor
Neurobiology

[MUSIC].

Okay.

So how come stimulus, stimulus is so dis connected from the perception.

Well because we take a long and winding road between stimulus and perception.

The stimulus is, is something that happens either outside of us and in general

we're going to talk about things that happen

outside of us rather than inside our body.

So we're talking about changes in light, changes in sound

waves, changes in mechanical energy, touch, that kind of thing.

Well, and the output is perception which depends

on the cerebral cortex neocortex to be specific.

So how do we get between here?

Well we have to go through transduction.

Somehow that energy, that light energy or that

sound energy, has to be changed into neural energy.

And neural energy, as we know, is electrical energy.

So somehow we have to transduce, transform the stimulus into electricity.

And that's a big step.

That signal then has to go through its channels to reach the cerebral cortex.

So it has to be transmitted, and the

transmission pathway is another piece where things change.

And most importantly, the transmission pathway

is always going to involve the thalamus.

Why?

Because cer, cerebral cortex does not speak any other language

it only speaks cerebral cortex and the only interpreter that can

translate information into cerebral cortex is the thalamus.

So, everything gets translated by the thalamus

and then sent to the cerebral cortex.

Finally, we have modulation.

And, and you might think of modulation as something that's very

fancy like how do you feel today and, and very cognitive.

But in fact, modulation takes place at every level.

It even takes place at the level of transduction.

And one of those examples is the one that many people

have experienced if you've ever had a sunburn, you realize that touching

your skin where you've had a sunburn, or even worse, taking

a hot shower when you've had a sun, sunburn is extremely painful.

In a situation where if you didn't have the sunburn, it wouldn't be painful.

So the perception has changed even though the stimulus is the same.

Another example is I have a collection of photographs collected from magazines

and, and newspapers showing different people getting vaccination shots.

Good idea to get vaccination shots but the reaction to getting a shot, which

is essentially all the same stimulus, is

varied across a wide variety of, of people.

Some people cry, some people look eh, some people are just completely nonplussed

and look happy and, and that is an example of modulation at a higher level.

Something were, what's the meaning of that, of that shot to the person?

Another example of, of modulation at a higher level is

how we think about food and whether something taste good.

If you're really, really hungry, pretty much anything's going to taste great.

If you're really, really thirsty, a drink of water is going to

be like the best bottle of wine when you're not really thirsty.

So, it's, it's a lot of context and that's due to modulation.

So the final thing is, how do these, how do things go wrong in perception?

Well, there are two basic places where they go wrong.

One is in transduction, and in the case of vision and hearing,

this is a big piece of it, just getting the signal in.

So having the retina work and having the cochlea

work, that's where the bulk of the problems exist.

In the case of vision, there are also problems that occur in transmission due to

strokes that's less true in, in hearing for reasons that we'll, we'll explore.

But, what we're going to mostly do when we talk about vision and hearing is we're

going to concentrate on transduction because that's where everyone loses

their sight or their hearing or has a loss of sight and

loss of hearing issues, is out here at the eye and the ear.

[MUSIC].

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