Learn how the nervous system produces behavior, how we use our brain every day, and how neuroscience can explain the common problems afflicting people today. We will study functional human neuroanatomy and neuronal communication, and then use this information to understand how we perceive the outside world, move our bodies voluntarily, stay alive, and play well with others.
Memory Types
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來自 The University of Chicago 的課程
了解大脑：日常生活中的神经生物学
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Abstract Function
You've now learned an incredible amount about the way the brain functions to perceive and act upon the world we live in. You've gained an understanding of neurobiology on a cellular level, and how many diseases and disorders of the nervous system can affect our bodies and minds. In our final module, we will journey into the realms of emotion, attention, memory, and language. By the end of this module, you will have a greater understanding of the more abstract cognitive functions the brain.
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Peggy MasonProfessor
Neurobiology
[MUSIC]
So let's talk about memory.
Now to introduce this topic, I'd like to start with a story
of a Swiss neurologist named Edouard Claparede.
Actually I don't really know how you say that, but that's my version.
Okay, so he was taking care of a woman who was an amnesic patient.
She had no memory.
And he would day after day, and sometimes within
the space of ten minutes, he would repeatedly introduce himself.
Hi, my name is Doctor Claparede, in French, and shake her hand.
She would respond, but by the next time, even if it was only a few minutes later,
she had no recall of ever meeting him before.
And that never changed, and she didn't have any look of recognition.
She said she didn't remember ever meeting him.
So there's no recall.
That never actually formed a memory.
On the other hand, one day he decided to put a pin in his hand so
that when he shook hands with the patient, she received a pinprick and
that hurt and she withdrew her hand.
Now the next time he went to shake her hand, again,
she had no recall of ever meeting him before, but she wouldn't shake his hand.
So she has some memory of the of this traumatic event,
of being pricked by his hand, it is not associated with any explicit, you can't
say oh, I'm not shaking your hand because you hurt me last time I shook your hand.
She has no memory of that.
But there was an implicit memory
that he was associated with an unpleasant experience.
And so she was unwilling to shake his hand.
So, this story illustrates three types of memory, three basic types of memory.
First of all, we have working memory.
Working memory is what is happening right now and it lasts maximum about 30 seconds.
So if you tell me your phone number, and before I can get it into my cellphone or
write it down, I'm gonna repeat 555-1234, 555-1234.
So as long as I repeat it, it's in my working memory, but
when I stop repeating it, it leaves my working memory.
So working memory is the here and now.
From working memory, we can actually form explicit
memories; memories that we can recall.
I can say this morning I didn't eat breakfast.
This morning I had tea for breakfast.
Last night I had a gluten free pizza.
I can recall those episodes, I can recall that
yesterday I learned what the word hegira means.
So these are all declarative, explicit memories.
In Dr Claparede's patient, working memory was working,
but explicit memory was not, and in fact, what was not working was
the transfer of an experience from working to explicit.
But what was working in this patient was implicit memory.
Now, implicit memory is many very varied types of implicit memory.
These are things like motor memories.
Learning to ride a bike and being able to ride the bike, that is an implicit memory.
Another version of an implicit memory is if I ask you to trace
something in a mirror, so you have to trace it in reverse,
the first time you do it, you do it slowly.
And as you repeat that process, you do it faster and faster.
Dr Claparede's patient that had amnesia, and
all other amnesia patients, will be just fine at mirror tracing.
There's no deficit, because it doesn't depend on the same brain parts
that are required for working memory consolidation into an explicit memory.
So mirror tracing is perfectly preserved.
So another type of implicit memory are emotional memories.
I don't know why I feel really uncomfortable, but
I feel really uncomfortable, and maybe that is because there's been a previous
experience in that environment that makes you feel uncomfortable.
So this is the, these emotional memories such as the memories that form
that basis for post-traumatic stress disorder,
perhaps the basis for various phobias, these are emotional memories.
And there's another type of, well, there are many more, but we'll mention one more
type of implicit memory, and that's an implicit perceptual memory.
So, let's look at this picture.
And what does this picture look like to you?
It looks like a scene, a badly out of focus scene of a marsh.
And if I tell you that there's an owl in there,
you're gonna say what are you talking about, and if I show you
the owl, there's the beak, there's the eye, the eye, now you see the owl.
This is a burrowing owl, and now when I take that away you can still see the owl.
Now, the trick is that if you saw this picture next week
you would see the owl again.
Okay, so that implicit memory has been made.
And in fact, an amnesia patient is gonna do just fine on this.
If they see this the first time, they don't actually perceive the owl.
Once it's pointed out to them, if they're tested again,
they'll find the owl right away, even though they have
no recall of ever seeing this picture or finding the owl before.
So, actually, this was a fun little thing I once used as
an attendance taker in a class that I had.
I used one of these, there's one of a dalmatian and
I pointed it out to the students and then on their midterm I said well, what's this?
And the people that had come to class knew it was a dalmatian,
the people that hadn't come to class didn't know what it was.
Anyway, so implicit memories are made, they're really not forgotten.
[MUSIC]
