And now as we arrive at the conclusion of our course, some points of summation. First, the introduction of reform and new ideas as we saw in the 19th century under the impact of Western expansion. Political, economic and ideological encroachment had a great influence on the manner in which the modern Middle East was shaped. Secondly, the reforms that we spoke of were imposed for the large part, top down on an unwilling population and their influence, therefore, was not always as deep as it could have been. In later years, at the end of the 19th century. We have the impact of Islamic reform and the emergence of modern nationalism, Arab, Turkish, and Iranian. And much of the 20th century was the century of Arabism and the development of the Arab state. But it was also in this very same 20th century that we saw the retreat and the failure of Pan-Arabism. The failure of this platform of secular politics. Society was therefore never really secularized and we have seen in recent years the resurgence of neo traditionalist forces of political Islam, sectarianism and tribalism. Another factor to be remembered is the growth of population the massive urbanization. And as a result, wide spread economic distress which characterizes many countries in the Middle East. It is these factors in combination that led to the emergence of the so-called Arab Spring and the resurgence of these neo-traditionalist forces that have come to challenge the cohesion of the Arab state as it was formed almost a century ago. The relative weakness of the Arab states has led to the rising influence and impact regionally speaking of the non Arab states in the Middle East. Turkey, Iran, and Israel. And Israel as we have seen finds itself in a Arab world far less powerful than the Arab world that it's founding fathers had predicted. Israel now finds itself dealing much more with the difficulties that emerged from Arab weakness rather than those that arise from Arab power. Recent years, during the Arab Spring, have shown a rather disappointing performance of the Islamists once they come to power, undermining their own argument that Islam is the solution. Thus, as we come to our conclusion, the ongoing struggle between the forces of modernity and those of tradition or neo-tradition of the last 200 years is far from over. And it will continue to govern politics and society in the Middle East for years to come. Who will eventually get the better of whom is an open question. Thank you for joining me in this course on the emergence of the modern Middle East. I hope you have found it both enjoyable and beneficial.