This course deals with an Introduction to Psychology as a Science. Psychology is the study of behavior and the mind. But all of us have tried to understand and predict behavior throughout our lives, first with our parents, then with our peers and teachers, and finally with our friends and co-workers. The difference is that psychological scientists conduct research that discovers the facts about behavior and our minds, so its principles are based on science and not just on intuition and experience. The course covers all areas of Psychology, discussing scientific findings relevant to each area. The content of the course has received approval from "Quality Matters", an organization that evaluates on-line courses. The learning outcomes are: (1) Students will be able to recognize and describe major psychological principles, theories and perspectives; (2) Students will be able to distinguish between different methods used by psychological scientists to study the different areas of psychology; (3) Students will be able to describe the "nature-nurture" controversy across different areas of psychology; (4) Students will know that the basic principles of psychology are based on sound research; and (5) Students will know how the nervous system and other biological systems are involved in understanding behavior and the mind.
Lecture Video 4.4: Audition and the Other Senses
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Section 4: Sensation and Perception
Information from the environment is translated by our senses into neural energy. This information is then interpreted by the brain (perception).
教學方
Dr. Anderson D. Smith
Regents’ Professor Emeritus
In the last video we talked about vision, and this time we're going to talk about
the other senses. The other ways in which we can gather
information from the environment, send it to the brain so it can be interpreted.
First we have vision, we talked about that in the last video.
We also have the sense to be able to hear things in the environment, sense of
audition. We have two chemical senses, the sense of
smell and the sense of taste, that actually detect chemical molecules.
We have the sense of touch, which really consists of several different kinds of
receptors. There's a pressure receptor sense of
touch there's a receptor for heat there's a receptor for cold and then there are
pain receptors that go into affect when we have some kind of tissue damage.
Then we have proprioception which is basically determines the sense of balance
and it sends information. To the brain from other parts of the body
kinesthesis and actually goes to the sensory area in the central fissure that
we talked about earlier, we discussed the brain.
Remember the emonculus sort of shows information from the tongue goes here.
Information of hand goes here. That's information coming from parts of
the body. Telling us what part of the body is
doing, giving us feedback on that. Then we have the propriocepulus stibulus
located in the inner ear and allow us to detect whether we're moving or not.
Detect where we are in relation to gravity.
All those are very important things that helps us stay in balance.
This is the ear of course and it's where audition occurs.
And information actually comes in, the, the, the stimulus for hearing obviously
is sound pressure waves. air pressure waves that come in to the
outer ear, travel to the tympanic membrane of the eardrum, and then cause
that to move and vibrate as the, sound, simulating the sound pressure waves.
Then it goes to the smallest bones in the body, the ossicles.
Which actually, mechanically transfer the information from the ear drum into the
beginning of the cochlea. A window there that enters, that moves
back and forth and causes causes chemical fluids in the cochlea that actually
vibrate. And produce changes that really are
simulation of the air pressure waves. And the cochlea you see it sort of wound
up here. And as the information comes in from the
round window it sort of travels through that area.
And stimulates different parts of the. Receptor cells that are located in the
cochlea. They're hair cells, they're located in
something called the organ of Corti and the hair cells.
And they actually are stimulated by different frequencies of, of the
information coming in. If it's a high-pitched tone, it'll
stimulate one particular part of the organ of Corti in the hair cells.
If it's a low-pitched tone. Maxima will stimulate other parts of,
uh,[UNKNOWN] in those hair cells. So pitch of frequency is actually
determined by hair cells located in the cochlea.
They're also able to sort of submit volumes of information to allow us to
hear the wide range of pitches that we can actually sense.
Loudness is, or the amplitude of the sound waves are simply the number of hair
cells that are stimulated that, that produce our sense of loudness.
So audition has several qualities to it. It as loudness and pitch that are
determined in the hairs cell in cochlea on the organ of Corti.
And whether they, and they produce the action potentials that travel up to the
brain through the auditory nerve. We have also the ability to detect
location and we do that because we have two ears.
And if information is coming from this side, it goes to this ear before it goes
to the other ear. So, the difference in timing of the sound
as it reaches both ears. The brain can interpret and give us
information about where the sound is coming from.
It's much more difficult to detect sound coming from directly in front of you and
directly behind you than it is, where we get the information from our two ears.
Interesting development is the fact that we have the ability to put implants in
the cochlea, electronic implants that stimulate the different parts of the
cochlea, and thus, can sort of be interpreted as sound.
In fact if you, if you put cochlea implants on an infant, they can actually,
by the time they grow up, they can actually be able to detect, understand
and detect speech very, very well. it's a little more difficult to do that
with adults, but with infants they can. It's a very expensive operation and it
only helps when, when you have damage to the inner ear, damage to the cochlea
itself. If you have conduction deafness, which is
where the information is not getting to the cochlea properly.
It doesn't help with it. But it does use, stimulation coming from
a microphone, not from the outer ear, middle ear, but from a microphone.
It goes and actually stimulates the cochlea itself, producing action
potentials that can be interpreted by the brain as sounds of different pitches.
Now we have two chemical sense. The sense of smell and the sense of
taste. The sense of smell is caused by hair
receptors that're located at the top of the noise, really in the olfactory bulb,
which a part of the brain that is sticking out right on the top part of the
nose. These hair cells hanging down and these
different kinds of hair cells can detect different chemical molecules producing
different odorants, thus different kinds of smell.
We estimate there are 5 million receptors on the olfactory bulb and there are
probably as many as 1000 different kinds of receptors that detect different kinds
of molecules. That have different odorants.
So we have a very complex ability to detect the chemicals in the air that
produce different kinds of smells. We also have taste.
Like smell, chemical receptors, in this case the chemical receptors are located
on the tongue, and they're located on taste buds, which by the way, last a very
short time. So the tongue is constantly replacing
taste receptors. Taste buds, the receptors are located on
the, on the taste buds themselves. And, and as we grow older the ability to
reproduce new taste buds declines. And thus we our sense of taste actually
declines with aging. because if you must constantly be able to
reproduce those taste buds to keep the same level.
There are different kinds of receptors located on the taste buds.
Receptors that detect salty, they detect sweet, bitter, sour, spicy and umami,
which is actually a savory kind of taste. And a combination of these.
You know, we can eat foods that we have the taste of both sweet and sour.
Spicy and bitter because as they reach different parts of the tongue.
You can have different sensations with the same foods.
Proprioception is important for us since the balance.
And there's two kinds of proprioceptions. One is information that comes from a
different parts of our body. From my finger from my foot.
That go up to the cortex around the central fissure where we last time showed
you the humunculus, so it goes to different places depend on what part of
the body is providing that information. That is called Kinesthesis, which is sort
of telling us what different parts of the body are doing in relation to each other.
Then there's another proprioceptive sense that's located in the inner ear along
with the Cochlea and that's the Vestibular senses.
The Semicircular canals and the Otolith sacks.
Here's a picture of the inner ear and you can see the Cochlea where we detect
sounds and then we have the Semicircular canals each one a different axis.
That tells us where we're moving and what direction we're moving.
And then these little parts here called the[UNKNOWN] sacs.
Which are actually container like substances with hair cells located all
around it. And it has something like little stones
in there, and depending on where your head is in relation to gravity, those
stones can fall down and stimulate the. The stimulate the hair cells.
Located around the container. So if I move my head from here to here.
Then the little stones are going to move down and stimulate different hair cells.
Constantly telling me where my head is located.
Now, like I said these are important for balance.
And if you over stimulate them, the semicircular canals in the[UNKNOWN] those
little stones are moving all around like riding a roller coaster.
Sometimes that can create a reaction which can be nausea, certainly dizziness.
inability to really figure out where we are in terms of balance.
So proprioceptive cues of a stimulus instance tell us where we are in relation
to gravity and whether we're moving. And where, what direction we're moving.
Sense of touch, I mentioned there are for kinds; there're receptors that receive
pressure, receptors that receive information about how hot something is,
cold and then pain. interesting that they also combinations,
like for example if I take two small rods, one filled with cold water and one
filled with warm water. And that the fluids are taveling through
those rods and I hold it in my fist, I will revieve hot, which is a combination
of those two receptors being fired. It's also if I move my hand across a part
of the body, stimulating different pressure receptors, that will lead to a
sensation of tickling. combination of different receptors
produce different sensations. Pain is an interesting one, because pain
the, the, goes up from the body when it's damaged up to the up to the brain, and
they cause really small fibers to go into the spinal cord and go directly to the
brain. There's also some large fibers that are
part of the pain perception, that when they're stimulated they actually inhibit
the small fibers. So we can do things like rubbing a wound.
The pain sort of is abated a bit and that's because the large fibers are
inhibiting the small fibers sense of pain.
The pain is very complex though because pain is, is perceived by the brain
depending upon things you've learned. Some people are very highly sensitive to
pain, some less so sensitive to pain. Also, pain can be abated by the large
fibers. Given the fact that like, if you're in a,
playing in a football game and you hurt something, you might not really feel that
pain because you're really working to, to do the task at hand until the game is
over, then the pain hits. So, we've dealt with the senses.
How information gets into the brain, and how the brain interprets that
information, and allows us to do things in the environment.
Thank you.
