Motivations for linear algebra

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來自 Imperial College London 的課程

Mathematics for Machine Learning: Linear Algebra

2199 個評分

Imperial College London

Mathematics for Machine Learning: Linear Algebra

2199 個評分

課程 1（共 3 門，Specialization Mathematics for Machine Learning）

In this course on Linear Algebra we look at what linear algebra is and how it relates to vectors and matrices. Then we look through what vectors and matrices are and how to work with them, including the knotty problem of eigenvalues and eigenvectors, and how to use these to solve problems. Finally we look at how to use these to do fun things with datasets - like how to rotate images of faces and how to extract eigenvectors to look at how the Pagerank algorithm works. Since we're aiming at data-driven applications, we'll be implementing some of these ideas in code, not just on pencil and paper. Towards the end of the course, you'll write code blocks and encounter Jupyter notebooks in Python, but don't worry, these will be quite short, focussed on the concepts, and will guide you through if you’ve not coded before. At the end of this course you will have an intuitive understanding of vectors and matrices that will help you bridge the gap into linear algebra problems, and how to apply these concepts to machine learning.

從本節課中

Introduction to Linear Algebra and to Mathematics for Machine Learning

In this first module we look at how linear algebra is relevant to machine learning and data science. Then we'll wind up the module with an initial introduction to vectors. Throughout, we're focussing on developing your mathematical intuition, not of crunching through algebra or doing long pen-and-paper examples. For many of these operations, there are callable functions in Python that can do the adding up - the point is to appreciate what they do and how they work so that, when things go wrong or there are special cases, you can understand why and what to do.

Motivations for linear algebra3:30

與講師見面

David Dye
Professor of Metallurgy
Department of Materials
Samuel J. Cooper
Lecturer
Dyson School of Design Engineering
A. Freddie Page
Strategic Teaching Fellow
Dyson School of Design Engineering

In this video, we're going to look a bit more at

the types of problems we might want to solve,

and expose what Linear Algebra is and how it might help us to solve them.

The first problem I might think of is one of price discovery.

Say I go shopping on two occasions,

and I buy apples and bananas,

and the first time I buy two apples and three bananas and they cost eight Euros.

And the second time I buy say,

ten apples and one banana,

and the cost is 13 Euros.

And the As and the Bs here,

are the price of a single apple and a single banana.

And what I'm going to have to do is solve these what we call

simultaneous equations in order to discover the price of individual apples and bananas.

Now in the general case of lots of different types of items and lots of shopping trips,

then finding out the prices might be quite hard.

It might be quite difficult to solve all these equations by hand.

So, we might want a computer algorithm to do it for us, in the general case.

Now, this is an example of a Linear Algebra problem.

I have some constant linear coefficients here, these numbers 2,

10, 3, 1, that relate the input variables A and B,

to the output 8 and 13,

that is if I think about a vector [a,b],

that describes the prices of apples and bananas.

Then this gets translated into a cost,

to find out how many I might want to buy,

and the cost happens to be 8 on the first trip,

and 13 Euros on the second trip.

And I can write this down as a matrix problem where the 2,

3 is my first trip,

and the 10, 1 is my second trip,

and then these are then matrices,

that's a matrix then,

and these are vectors,

and what we're going to do over the course of modules one to three, is build up,

Looking at these different types of mathematical objects,

and understanding what they are and how to work with them,

these vectors and these matrices.

And then, we'll come back and figure out how to solve this problem in the general case.

Another type of problem we might be interested in is fitting an equation to some data.

In fact, with neural networks and machine learning,

we want the computer in effect not only to fit the equation,

but to figure out what equation to use.

That's a highly inexact description really of what's going on,

but it gives the right sort of flavor.

But let's say, we have some data like this histogram here.

This looks like a population with an average and some variation here, some width.

Another type of problem we might want to solve,

as well as the apples and bananas problem,

is how to find the optimal value of the parameters in the equation describing this line.

The ones that fit the data in the histogram best.

That might be really handy, then using that equation we'd have

an easy portable description of the population we could carry around,

without needing all the original data which would free us,

for example, from privacy concerns.

Now, we can plot how good the fit was in terms of the parameters,

and that's what we'll look at in the next video.

In this video, we've set up two problems in this first module on Linear Algebra.

First, the problem of apples and bananas,

of solving simultaneous equations.

And secondly, the optimization problem of

fitting some data with an equation with some fitting parameters,

and these problems we'll go on to look at and motivates our work

right through the course on Linear Algebra,

and it's partner of multivariate calculus.

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