Let's go back to the origins of Lean. It started with a Toyota Production System that was developed after World War II by Taiichi Ohno and Eiji Toyoda. Key driver was to catch up with American manufacturing. The Toyota Production System was to build on earlier principles developed by Taylor and Ford. Taylor was systematically pushing process standardization and the application of best practices while Ford focuses on the optimization of the workplace. Toyota imported four production principles and adapted them to Japanese production with short runs. One major improvement here was Taiichi Ohno's just-in-time concepts, which was built in American supermarkets. So that in total, the production was synchronized with customer demand. Then, this was the most important thing. The idea was to replenish material at the work station as soon as it has been taken from the storage. You know, it's like the supermarket. Customers would take products off the shelf and the empty place in the shelf is refilled from the store with the right product and the right quantity. One additional fact about the Toyota Production System was how it has leveraged know-how, experience, and improvement ideas from the employees. So finally, in the Toyota Production System, those guys, they are the most important players in the whole game. This was a [inaudible] situation when Kaizen was born. Kaizen means translated change for the better. So, based on Kaizen, Toyota has established an outstanding continuous improvement process, a base for incredible improvement in productivity. So, whenever you have a chance to visit a Toyota plant or other plants in Japan, from the big players, do it. It is still unbelievable how powerful the continuous improvement culture is. So, take the chance. And as you know, Toyota managed to become number one in the automobile industry thanks to the Toyota Production System. So finally, thanks to Lean. To this day in 2016, Toyota remains the largest automaker in the world. The Lean approach truly changed the manufacturing industry by introducing major changes. So, key points you need to remember. Lean looks at things from another perspective, the customer, while other approaches focus only on tasks and products. So, for example like Ford, one of the key is that the workforce eliminate waste by using different Lean tools so it's a bottom up driven approach. So, the key thing, it's about people.