[inaudible] Hi, how are you? I am making good progress. Today, we move on with our journey for the mazes of Japanese grammar. I hope that you find each new lesson easier and more interesting. You already know a lot, and so we are going to expand your knowledge a bit, and to deepen your understanding of what is already familiar. Our topic today is a phone conversation. This is a special type of communication which we're constantly resort to in our everyday life, but which at the same time can be especially difficult when speaking a foreign language. This happens because during the phone call, you do not see a partner's face, eyes, gestures, and body language, and you have no other means of communication but verbal. In Japanese, certain cliche conventional for this situation, come to our rescue. When answering a phone call, and greeting one on the phone, it is customary to say, [inaudible] an equivalent of hello. You need to enquirer who you're talking to and introduce yourself. In private calls it is common to ask the person how they are, and whether they are free to continue the conversation. When answering the question, how are you, you shouldn't go into detail. It is enough to thank them for asking and give a formal reply, for example, [inaudible] , I'm fine. It is only after these formalities that you move to the topic you want to discuss. The one finishing the conversation should apologize before hanging up. [inaudible] This phrase is both an apology for being the one to end the conversation and a goodbye. So you have to wait until your partner says goodbye in response, and only after that you can hang up. You can also end the conversation by wishing good health saying, [inaudible]. See additional materials for the lesson for more etiquette phrases. In this models dialogue, you will see familiar grammar forms. Then negative form of an adjective that verbal [inaudible] form plus a negative suffix. [inaudible]. The past tense of verbs in polite colloquial speech. The second stem ending with i plus the suffix [inaudible] they are representative particle [inaudible] the least homogeneous members of a sentence express with nouns. The interrogative pronoun [inaudible] where in combination with the intensive particle [inaudible] and verb in the negative form to express negation, as well as the same adverb in combination with the particle [inaudible] , and the case particle in the meaning of an indefinite pronoun, a request or an order using the form of a verb plus [inaudible]. We have discussed the topic particle [inaudible] a lot. The dialogue today will demonstrate yet another function of this particle to show contrast within things or people. If the contest is between subjects or direct objects, the case particles [inaudible] and [inaudible] are placed with [inaudible] for all the other members of a sentence [inaudible] stands immediately after the corresponding case particle, [inaudible] etc. For example, [inaudible] , I like apples, but hate pitches. [inaudible] , I understand Japanese but not Chinese. You remember that in an ordinary situation, the verb [inaudible] to understand requires a nominative case particle [inaudible]. There are a lot of hot springs in Japan, but almost none in Russia