[FOREIGN] >> In this lesson, we're continuing to sophisticate and diversify our speech with new grammar structures. And in the speaking part, we're going to talk about weather and nature. You will add a new verb to your vocabulary today, the verb, >> [FOREIGN] >> To become. This verb means transition from one state or status to another state or status. So it combines with nouns, and then, such nouns are used if the particle indicating an indirect object. >> [FOREIGN] >> For example, to become a student in Japanese is, >> [FOREIGN] >> This verb also combines with adjectives. Let us analyze two types of adjectives. [FOREIGN] adjectives are used in their adverbial form before any verb. The stem plus a suffix, >> [FOREIGN] >> For example, it will get hot, >> [FOREIGN] >> In formal written style. >> [FOREIGN] >> In polite colloquial-speech from the adjective. >> [FOREIGN] >> [FOREIGN] adjectives, that verbal form is used and, >> [FOREIGN] >> Is replaced with, >> [FOREIGN] >> Let us take for example the adjective, >> [FOREIGN] >> Quiet, in this case, it will get quiet will be, >> [FOREIGN] >> In Japanese. The verb, >> [FOREIGN] >> Is also often used with numerals meaning time, age, the number of people or objects. For example, >> [FOREIGN] >> It's his third birthday. >> [FOREIGN] >> It's 12 o'clock. >> You already know how to derive an adverb from an [FOREIGN] adjective. And we have already discussed that [FOREIGN] adjectives are similar to verbs because when used as a predicate, they can have a past tense form. The past tense form is derived by attaching the suffix, >> [FOREIGN] >> To the adjective stem in formal written style. And in polite-colloquial speech, you only need to add the copula >> [FOREIGN] >> To the resulting form. For example, >> [FOREIGN] >> Tall. >> [FOREIGN] >> Or. >> [FOREIGN] >> Was tall. In a sentence, we can join homogeneous members, attributes, or predicates expressed with [FOREIGN] adjectives in two ways. The first method involves said verbal form ending with, >> [FOREIGN] >> That you already know. For example, >> [FOREIGN] >> New, clean room, or, >> [FOREIGN] >> This room is new, cheap, and clean. Please note that the adjective, >> [FOREIGN] >> Clean, beautiful is an exception. Despite ending with [FOREIGN] it's a [FOREIGN] adjective. The second method of joining members most expressed in colloquial speech is join them using the, >> [FOREIGN] >> Form. You only need to add the copulative suffix, >> [FOREIGN] >> To that verbal form. For example, these same phrases will sound like this. >> [FOREIGN] >> And, >> [FOREIGN] >> We use the same, >> [FOREIGN] >> Form when joining two simple sentences into one compound sentence if the predicate in the first one is expressed with an [FOREIGN] adjective. For example, >> [FOREIGN] >> Honey is sweet, black tea is bitter. As you probably have understood by now, a lot of meanings in Japanese are expressed with suffixes and auxiliary parts of speech. So for example, the suffix, >> [FOREIGN] >> It is attached to the [FOREIGN] adjective stem, means a guess about an object's or person's quality based on their appearance. For example, >> [FOREIGN] >> Tasty and, >> [FOREIGN] >> Looks tasty. >> [FOREIGN] >> Cold. >> [FOREIGN] >> It looks like it's cold. The form, what you get when adding the suffix, >> [FOREIGN] >> Behaves the same as a [FOREIGN] adjective if this is an attribute. For example, >> [FOREIGN] >> The apple that looks tasty. If you need to derive that verbal form, you replace, >> [FOREIGN] >> With, >> [FOREIGN] >> For example, >> [FOREIGN] >> To eat as if it's tasty, meaning to eat with gusto. And now, we're going to learn how to join homogeneous predicates expressed with verbs. To do this, we will need the [FOREIGN] form of a verb. We have already covered the manner of deriving the [FOREIGN] form in Module 4. Do you recall it? For the exception verbs, >> [FOREIGN] >> To do, and, >> [FOREIGN] >> To come. Those forms are, >> [FOREIGN] >> And, >> [FOREIGN] >> Respectively. For Group II verbs with the stem ending with, >> [FOREIGN] >> And, >> [FOREIGN] >> To derive the, [FOREIGN] >> Form, you only need to add the suffix, >> [FOREIGN] >> To the stem. For example, >> [FOREIGN] >> For all other verbs, what we consider Group I verbs, depending on the sound ending the stem, the same phonetic changes occur as when forming the past tense in formal written style, and attaching the suffix. >> [FOREIGN] >> On instead of, >> [FOREIGN] >> We add, >> [FOREIGN] >> Please review the materials for Module 4. The [FOREIGN] form is also called continuative, and the same as the, >> [FOREIGN] >> Form of an adjective. It serves to join homogeneous predicates or two simple sentences within one compound sentence. In both cases, the grammar tense is determined by the form of the last predicate. For example, >> [FOREIGN] >> He read the book and fell asleep. The [FOREIGN] form of a verb is also used in apologies with the word, >> [FOREIGN] >> Sorry, excuse me. Meaning what one apologizes for. For example, >> [FOREIGN] >> I'm sorry I'm late. When adding the word, >> [FOREIGN] >> Please, to the [FOREIGN] form, a statement means a request or an order. For example, >> [FOREIGN] >> From the verb, >> [FOREIGN] >> To look means please have a look. >> [FOREIGN] >> From the verb, >> [FOREIGN] >> To write means please write. Besides, the [FOREIGN] form of a verb is used to derive the progressive aspect. To do this, the copula, >> [FOREIGN] >> To be is added to the [FOREIGN] form. You could compare the meaning of this form with the meaning of the continuous tenses in English. To derive the polite-colloquial speech form, we use the suffixes, >> [FOREIGN] [FOREIGN] [FOREIGN] [FOREIGN] >> That you already know, and add them to the stem of the verb, >> [FOREIGN] >> For example, in formal written style. >> [FOREIGN] >> He's writing a letter to now. And in polite-colloquial speech, this phrase is, >> [FOREIGN] >> The progressive aspect is used to indicate an action that is happening at the moment of speaking or a state expressed with a verb, often emotional one, but not necessarily. For example, >> [FOREIGN] >> She's married. Or, >> [FOREIGN] >> I'm really worried. In the first lessons, we have discussed that to indicate the subject in Japanese, either the topic particle, >> [FOREIGN] >> Is used, then the subject is simultaneously the topic of the sentence or the nominative case particle, >> [FOREIGN] >> To express the subject of a subordinate and relative clause as well as in certain cases covered by special rules. One of those rules deals with subjects signifying natural phenomena, whether, sun, wind as well as animals and birds performing some actions. For example, >> [FOREIGN] >> The snow is falling. Or, >> [FOREIGN] >> The birds are singing. The subject is not necessarily the topic of a sentence, and in such cases, notwithstanding whether an object or an attribute is a topic, that member of the sentence is used with the topic particle. >> [FOREIGN] >> For example, >> [FOREIGN] >> Today, the weather is good. In this case, >> [FOREIGN] >> Today is the sentence topic, while the subject in this sentence is the word, >> [FOREIGN] >> Weather. The literal translation is this, speaking about today, the weather is good. Let us analyze the following example. >> [FOREIGN] >> There are a lot of mountains in Japan. The particle, >> [FOREIGN] >> Is used instead of the particle indicating a direct object, >> [FOREIGN] >> And a nominal case particle, >> [FOREIGN] >> It can be used both instead of the particle indicating an indirect object, >> [FOREIGN] >> And together with it. For example, >> [FOREIGN] >> There are a lot of hot springs in Japan. In all other cases, the topic particle goes immediately after a corresponding particle, and the topical word starts the sentence. The intensive particle, >> [FOREIGN] >> Behaves in a sentence the same way as the particle, [FOREIGN] >> That is to say, it replaces the particles, >> [FOREIGN] >> And, >> [FOREIGN] >> And goes after all other case particles. We have already encountered this particle in the meaning, to, as well. In this lesson dialog, you will encounter the, >> [FOREIGN] >> Particle used to indicate homogeneous subjects and objects. In this case, the construction is translated into English using the correlative conjunction, both, and. For example, >> [FOREIGN] >> Both Tanaka and Yamada are Japanese. Or, >> [FOREIGN] >> I've bought both books and exercise books.
