The explosive growth of the “Internet of Things” is changing our world and the rapid drop in price for typical IoT components is allowing people to innovate new designs and products at home. In this first class in the specialization you will learn the importance of IoT in society, the current components of typical IoT devices and trends for the future. IoT design considerations, constraints and interfacing between the physical world and your device will also be covered. You will also learn how to make design trade-offs between hardware and software. We'll also cover key components of networking to ensure that students understand how to connect their device to the Internet. Please note that this course does not include discussion forums. Upon completing this course, you will be able to: 1. Define the term “Internet of Things” 2. State the technological trends which have led to IoT 3. Describe the impact of IoT on society 4. Define what an embedded system is in terms of its interface 5. Enumerate and describe the components of an embedded system 6. Describe the interactions of embedded systems with the physical world 7. Name the core hardware components most commonly used in IoT devices 8. Describe the interaction between software and hardware in an IoT device 9. Describe the role of an operating system to support software in an IoT device 10. Explain the use of networking and basic networking hardware 11. Describe the structure of the Internet 12. Describe the meaning of a “network protocol” 13. Explain MANETs and their relation to IoT
Lecture 1.1: IoT Example: The Refrigerator
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來自 University of California, Irvine 的課程
Introduction to the Internet of Things and Embedded Systems
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從本節課中
What Is the Internet of Things (IoT)?
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a popular buzzword right now, but unlike many fads which have come and gone, the Internet of Things describes an important trend which is having lasting effects on society at large. The term itself, “Internet of Things”, is used to mean a variety of ideas, depending on the motivation and background of the speaker. This course will start by providing a definition of the term. We will talk about how various trends have enabled the Internet of Things, and how it changes the way design is performed. We will also discuss some of the ramifications that IoT is having on society today.
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Ian HarrisProfessor
Department of Computer Science
[MUSIC]
The point of this lecture is really to just introduce the term
Internet of Things.
Just to define the term, give you some kind of a general idea
of what Internet of Things really is, what it's about.
So we'll go through an example, a refrigerator example.
And talk about how a refrigerator can be integrated into the Internet of Things,
and how it’s different than just a regular,
traditional refrigerator that you are probably used to.
So let’s break down the term Internet of Things.
We're probably gonna start off with a thing of some kind.
So in this case we're talking about a refrigerator and
a refrigerator is just a thing, so it can be anything besides a computer.
Right? If it's a computer,
we're not calling that a thing, but anything besides a computer.
Besides a traditional computer, a laptop, desktop,
server type of device, you'll call that a thing of some kind.
And it has some features.
It has some use.
So in the case of a refrigerator like this, we know what a refrigerator does.
It keeps things cold and so on.
So you start off with a thing.
Now the next thing you do is you add to that
some type of computational intelligence.
Usually that involves a processor like what we're showing here.
That's actually a picture of an R-Dweeno but
it could be any type of computational intelligence.
Typically it's a micro controller of some kind, running some kind of code.
So, you see these devices all around your house.
But it's the computer inside, right?
So it doesn't look like a computer, it looks like a thing of some kind.
It looks like a refrigerator, but it actually has computational intelligence
inside, so it's really a computer hidden on the inside.
And it's somehow is used to improve the functionality of the device,
to make the device do what it did before, but better.
So that's what you start with, you start with a thing, you add some intelligence,
some computer technology inside it.
Then, to top it off, you add Internet connectivity.
Now, this is very common in things, and
that's where the term Internet of things comes from.
You add some kind of Internet connectivity.
So now you've got a thing.
It's got some kind of computation inside and it's got a network connection which
means it can use all sorts of other resources that are not local.
Right?
It can reach on the Internet.
It's potentially accessible from this IoT device.
So all that put together is generally what you'd call an IoT device,
an Internet of Things device.
You take the thing, you put some intelligence in there, and
you put some network connectivity.
And remember that, from the outside,
this device doesn't look that much different than it used to look, right?
It doesn't look like a computer, that's the main thing.
It doesn't look like a computer.
It doesn't have a full on keyboard and a screen, it might have a screen,
a few little buttons on it but it doesn't look like a standard computer.
You don't have to install Windows or iOS or Android or
whatever the operating system is.
It's none of that complexity.
So it's much simpler to use, just like the original thing was.
So if you look at the now,
the new refrigerator, it's not gonna be hard to use.
You still open a door, close a door, plug it into the wall, that sort of thing.
Get ice out of it.
The same old simple interface.
So traditional refrigerator, keeps items cold, right?
This is a non Internet of Things.
Keeps items cold, you put things in it, food, whatever it is.
A real simple interface, all right?
Everybody knows how to use it, and decades ago it was the same interface.
Right? A hundred years ago, I don't know if they,
yeah I guess I suppose they had refrigerators a hundred years ago.
Hundred years ago, you had a refrigerator that looked basically the same thing.
Now, an intelligent refrigerator, I'm using that term to mean refrigerator
that now has some kind of computational intelligence inside it.
And you see a lot of this inside refrigerators nowadays.
My fridge is like this.
So, for instance, it'll warn you when the door is ajar.
Usually it'll beep in some way, but it could talk to you if it wanted to,
it doesn't matter.
But it'll warn you that.
It basically has some sort of sensors built in that tells if the doors are shut.
And if they're open for a certain amount of time, maybe they start a timer,
if they're open for a certain amount of time, an alarm goes off and
that requires some kind of computational intelligence.
It might tell you when the water filter need replacing.
Mine is annoying in that way, it tells me the same thing.
So it starts beeping every time I try to get water now,
in fact right now I need a filter.
So it just beeps and beeps and beeps every time I try to get water out of it.
So again it has some type of timer where it keeps track of the date.
Says okay, this many days have gone by since you last refilled the filters,
you changed it.
So again requires computational intelligence.
Note that it doesn't require networking yet right?
These tasks are just computational tasks.
It could tell you when you're low on butter.
Now my fridge doesn't do this, but you can imagine a refrigerator
that has some sort of a sensor in there that can sense.
Maybe it has a camera in your butter tray and it senses when your butter is low.
Right? Maybe it tests the weight of your butter.
Right?
And if the weight is too low it says, okay.
There isn't butter in here.
You are low on butter.
It could easily warn you of that.
Now mine doesn't do that.
There are refrigerators that can do that sort of thing.
But, again, local intelligence is required.
No real networking required to do that.
It could also tell you when you buy foods that are high on fat content.
Now, this I've never actually seen such a refrigerator, but you could do this.
You could take a picture, the fridge itself could have a camera inside.
Could take a picture of the food that you ordered, look it up in some type of
a library of food that it has, and look at the food content,
look at the fat content and cholesterol and so on, and it could warn you, right?
And it could do this with local data, without network connectivity,
if you need it to.
You can also have a set of recipes programmed into your refrigerator.
I know there are refrigerators that have this.
They can be programmed into your fridge and they can suggest recipes for
you based on the foods it sees inside.
So you've got milk, you've got butter, you've got this, you've got that,
you can make pancakes today.
Something like this.
So, that's another thing that,
another feature that you can add on to an intelligent refrigerator if you wanted to.
And it requires this computational intelligence inside the refrigerator to do
that, also sensors, like cameras maybe,
weight sensors, door sensors to see if the doors open and close, something like that.
And using all that together,
you can enhance the properties of the refrigerator.
So now this refrigerator, it does a lot more than what it used to do, but
it's still very easy to use, right?
You don't have to do anything complicated.
It tells you the door is ajar, or something like that.
It's not extra work for you, no learning curve, all right.
So, you might call that an intelligent refrigerator, but
you'll notice that these features that I'm listing here.
They don't require network connectivity in general.
So these things that I'm listing here,
they can do that with local sensors, right?
And local processing that sense what's in your fridge and respond to you and
give you information.
So that's intelligent refrigerator.
But maybe you wouldn't call that Internet of Things,
cuz it's not actually networked yet.
So the ultimate, the IoT refrigerator.
The IoT refrigerator is basically the computational intelligence,
but also network connectivity.
With the network connectivity you can add another set of features on top of that,
that you couldn't have added without the network connectivity.
For instance, you can have your refrigerator actually order food for
you when the stock is low.
That could easily happen.
It can check, it could just go straight to Amazon.
Amazon, I guess I shouldn't advertise, but there are services
from which you can go to supermarkets and order food, I use one of these services.
And they deliver food the next morning, actually.
It's pretty amazing.
Seven in the morning and the food will be there in the door step.
So, you can have your fridge detect that you are low on butter and then just
order that, and then the next morning, butter will appear on your doorstep.
But that requires network connectivity.
You have to be able to connect to the network, and place the order,
grab money out of your bank account, right,
transfer it to whoever you're purchasing it from, things like that.
You can search for low food prices.
So it also suggest to you look, you might wanna buy this item.
You're low on butter.
Buy butter from here rather than there because it's cheaper.
And in fact, it can go ahead and just buy that, or it can just suggest to you.
But again, that requires network connectivity.
It would have to connect to the network, go search around different sites,
different super market sites, find the different prices, compare them, and so on.
It could order a water-filter when you need a water-filter.
So rather than annoying me and telling me, you need water-filter beep beep beep.
It can just go and order that, and it could appear for
me, UPS could deliver it the next day.
Right.
So it can anticipate meals.
It can be predictive.
So it can know what kind of food you have in your fridge and
order what you need for tomorrow's meals, right.
Took, and say oh, a good idea for food for
you tomorrow is this type of meal that you've had in the past.
I will order whatever you need for that meal, and
then it'll appear in your doorstep the next morning.
And then you'll have everything you need to cook what you need for the next day.
It can search news.
Probably it could actually do more global type of searching.
It could look on news prices to see what global trends are, so for instance.
And this is elaborate, but you could certainly do this.
It could look at news trends and say, oh it's El Nino.
Right, the world is getting colder this year.
That means that fruits are gonna be more expensive, right.
So I better stock up on fruits right now,
because I know that in a few months I won't be able to get them, right.
Your machine can do that, your fridge could do that.
Now I've never heard of a refrigerator that does that, but that is certainly
possible, if you have the computational intelligence inside the fridge and
you have network connectivity so it can actually execute the searches.
It could also provide information to
businesses to tell them what you're buying, right?
Now this maybe is not an advantage to you, but certainly
some store that's selling different type of food, it might want to market to you,
so they might want to know these people are buying this type of food a lot.
So maybe we wanna market that type of food to them.
That's another thing that these devices do, and
we'll talk a little bit more about that later.
Thanks.
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