This is a very important thing,
kind of an important consideration that people should pay for the water.
So having a robust system where people can actually pay,
is something that is quite important.
Another option is membrane filters to treat water.
Here we can also start to treat surface water.
And membranes are being developed this year to be more effective and more cheap.
One of the well known solutions is the LifeStraw, that is using membrane filters.
Where you can have a personal one where you just suck up the water or
you can have a family version.
The LifeStraw itself has maybe a limited scope as
a rural technology, but it is now mostly used in emergency situations.
Here's an example of what we call a submerged pond sand filter.
Which is built in concrete and it's just sand that filters the water
placed below the water level and then sucked up in a hand pump.
Very simple technology that is running without much maintenance.
And another example is for the situation where you have
groundwater with particular pollutants like arsenic or fluoride.
You can also treat that in a household ways and simple materials.
You can see the last two here is using materials that you can find in any
village, concrete, plastic, clay, pots.
And there's a lot of potential for these things that you can produce locally and
maintain and replace locally compared to the first
two I mentioned where the membrane fillers and the life link,
which is technology that requires more organization, more maintenance.