2.3 Resource recovery

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來自 École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 的課程

Introduction to Faecal Sludge Management

173 個評分

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Introduction to Faecal Sludge Management

173 個評分

Do you want learn how to apply concepts of sustainable faecal sludge management (FSM) on a city-wide scale? This course starts with an overview of what faecal sludge is and an introduces you to the engineering fundamentals and required information for the design and selection of technologies. Sanitation solutions are prone to failure if an integrated planning approach that includes stakeholder involvement and the development of appropriate institutional, management and financial arrangements is not implemented. The course therefore dedicates a complete week to presenting the full picture, in addition to technology, that needs to be considered for sustainable solutions. It concludes with a focus on current research and innovations in technologies, to provide an understanding of the most up-to-date options. This course is one of four in the series “Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development".

從本節課中

Overview of fundamentals for design and selection of treatment technologies

The second week of this course is based on an integrated engineering design approach, and will introduce fundamentals and required information for the design and selection of technologies, including objectives, mechanisms, quantification and characterization. It also includes the collection and transport of faecal sludge to treatment.

2.1 Treatment Objectives7:34

2.2 Overview of Treatment Mechanisms8:21

2.3 Resource recovery8:13

2.4 Market-driven approach to select treatment products9:18

2.5 Characterization7:22

2.6 Quantification8:42

2.7 Collection and transport technologies7:58

2.8 Wrap-up5:40

與講師見面

Dr. Linda Strande
Group leader
Management of Excreta, Wastewater and Sludge (MEWS), Eawag-Sandec

What happens with a plastic bottle

when you throw it away?

Well, it might end up in a landfill

however it could also be collected

often by the informal sector, transported to a processing site

washed and shredded into small pieces.

These pieces could then be used as a raw material

in the production of fibers for clothes, carpets

or new plastic bottles.

This process is a form of resource recovery

that is probably happening around you.

In this module we will introduce you

to similar forms of resource recovery

for fecal sludge.

Following this module, you will be able

to list different treatment products

identify ways in which they can be used

and learn important characteristics of resource recovery products.

For over 2000 years excreta and fecal sludge

from animals and humans

have been used in many parts of the world

as soil conditioner in agriculture.

The water, organic matter and nutrients in fecal sludge

are beneficial for soil properties and plant growth.

The organic matter is beneficial for water retention

which can increase water holding capacity

and reduce the effects of drought

reduce erosion of soils

and benefit the soil microbial community

and the water and the nutrients

such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium

are essential for plant growth.

However, there are also other possible uses

and types of treatment products

than just soil amendments.

Products from other established treatment technologies

include compost from co-composting of fecal sludge

and organic solid waste

plants, for example from planted drying beds

and effluent, for example from waste stabilization ponds.

In addition, treatment technologies exist

that are innovative and in development.

These products and treatment technologies include

Bio-gas, Bio-diesel, and Syngas

for example from anaerobic digestion of fecal sludge

insect larvae from the treatment of fecal sludge with fly larvae

and Char from carbonization of fecal sludge.

These treatment products can all have different uses.

We already mentioned the use of Dewatered or dried sludge

as soil conditioner, ranging from deeper entrenchment

or untreated fecal sludge as soil conditioner.

In addition this treatment product can also be used as a component

in building materials

or for the production of solid fuels.

Compost and fertilizer can be used as soil conditioner in agriculture

horticulture or forestry

plant as animal feed

effluent for irrigation in agriculture

or for parks or golf courses

Bio-gas, Bio-diesel, and Syngas as liquid bio-fuel

insect larvae as animal feed, such as chicken or fish

Char as a component for Bio-fuel brickette production

or as soil conditioner.

The aforementioned treatment products

can also be further processed to increase the market value.

For example Char

from the carbonization of fecal sludge

may be used for a soil conditioner.

Further processing of char into brickettes puts into a form

that could make it suitable for recovery of it's energy

in households or institutions.

Other examples include the combustion of Bio-gas or Syngas

to produce heat or electricity, or pelletizing of compost

or dried sludge.

Pellets are more homogeneous in size

they have a higher density of nutrients or energy

in comparison with the sludge or compost before pelletizing

and then therefore be easier to transport and store.

Characterization of treatment products is important

to ensure that they meet market needs

and protect public and environmental health.

On the next slide we will summarize

what parameters are relevant

for the different treatment products.

Nutrients such as Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium

are essential for plant growth

and important for the use of effluent for irrigation

and soil conditioner, compost or fertilizer.

Heavy metal such as Lead and Cadmium

and the salinity are important as they can be toxic to plants.

Indicators of pathogens such as E coli for effluent

and Helminths eggs for soil conditioner

composts or fertilizer should be determined to ensure

that resource recovery adequately protects public health.

The calorific value, a measure of the energy content of the fuel

is important for the characterization

of treatment products as solid fuel.

The ash in fuels is an important indicator

for the amount of inorganics contained in fecal sludge.

it is the proportion of the fuel that does not burn

and therefore does not contribute to the calorific value.

Helminths eggs as an indicator of human pathogens in sludge

is also an important parameter for the use of fecal sludge as fuel.

The Methane content and the Carbon Dioxide content

and the calorific value are important parameters for Bio-gas

a higher Methane and lower Carbon Dioxide content

increases the calorific value.

The Protein, Fat and the Mineral content

are important for the use of insect larvae

and plants as animal feed.

These parameters can be used

to compare the product characteristics

to the nutritional requirements of animals.

Indicators of human pathogens such as E coli and Helminths eggs

should also be regularly monitored for animal feeds in order to ensure

that pathogens are not transmitted to animals.

In this module we have learned

what some products from treatment are

and how they can be used.

This includes effluent for irrigation and sludge

compost as the soil conditioner, solid and liquid Bio-fuels

plants as animal feed

and as a component in building materials.

Characterization of treatment products

for parameters such as the caloric value as a solid fuel

and the ratio of nutrients as soil conditioner

compost of fertilizer

are important to meet market needs.

Helminths eggs and E coli are important indicators

to ensure the protection of public health.

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