[MUSIC] Let's move now to the global level. Let's consider the world as it results from this manipulation, this stronger and stronger political manipulation of identity. What are the impact of this identity manipulation on the global order? How can we consider the world now in this atmosphere of emergence and development of the identity factor. The identity factor as structuring the new world order. The problem is that conceding an important role, an important political role to identity is probably of a new unstable order. I will try to point five figures of this new order, new when it is strongly affected, and structured by these identity strategies. First, we can consider this identity strategy as an instrument of a political strategy and then we have to consider three kinds of figure. The first one will be using identity for governing. That's to say for strengthening a government order, which seems to be weak, or unable to reach It's own goals. For instance, when Rwanda's president Habyarimana tried to mobilize the Hutus against the Tutsis. The idea was to use the Tutsis as a scapegoat, able to mobilize Hutus around himself, and to strengthen or weaken power. This was, as you know, the starting point of this terrible genocide which took place in 1994 in Rwanda. This genocide, which probably made something like 800,000 or even 1 million people dead, was caused by a manipulation of identities in order to strengthen political order, which was weakened by the lack of legitimacy of President Habyarimana. It's exactly the same now in Syria where the present president, Bachar al-Assad tries to mobilize minorities. Alaouite minorities, but also Christian minorities, for trying to tackle support in the present Syrian civil war. That's why it is very common, but also very dangerous and often a very bloody strategy for reinforcing political order, which is not able to work and to work correctly. The second political use of identity is to be found in protest. Organizing protest inside authoritarian systems. Inside authoritarian systems, identity, and especially religious identities, is the best way for expressing a deviant vision, a deviant voice against the power which is settle and which is contested. The Iranian revolution was mobilizing religion and religious identity for fighting against the Shah regime, which didn't tolerate any kind of political opposition. Identity as to be used and manipulated as a substitute of lack of particular opposition. The third line will be to use also the identity for fighting against the deficient of political and institutional order in which identity is conceived as a possible substitute to a social contract, which would be contested inside the society. This is a very common manifestation, a very common construction of identity in the present world order. The second one would be to to try to territorialize identity. Territorializing identity is one of the main strategies which are used for questioning the political geography and political organization of the international arena. But, this territorialization should be for being successful and enforce territorialization. That's to say, it implies ethnic cleansing and even more genocide, as it was the case for instance, during the Yugoslavian war. But, as do also the case in many other part of the world in which grouping individuals, identifying themselves to the same group would imply to reject all the other who are coexisting with them. And this is the problem of Caucase, it's also the problem in Kurdistan. If Kurdish people wants to build up a Kurdish state, it has to clean up the territory and to reject population who are not Kurds inside the Kurdish supposed territory. The third expression of this identity manipulation will be found in something which is a grave danger, which is jeopardizing our international order that's to say ghettoization. If the country of territorialism, ghettoization means to confine a group, and identity group which is rejected in a territory in which it is shattered. That was the case of the black majority in South Africa during the Apartheid Period. But it's also the case of Palestinian people now which are enforced to settle in kinds of ghetto inside Cisjordania or in Gaza. That's to say without any change of contact with foreign countries and with all the people. This ghettoization is also one of of the characteristics of the Dayton Agreement in 1995 when the Dayton Agreement tries to reshape Bosnia, recording the identity similarities. And it was resulting in a very complex and sophisticated map in which the chance of communication and of coexistence was very low. We have to take care of this trend which is jeopardizing the spirit of the world order. That's to say if every identity Entity is shattered in a ghetto, what does the international coexistence and international order would mean. And we can easily imagine how these tools are producing violence. A feeling of revenge and many kinds of strong and negative reaction coming from the frustrations of the concerned people. The fourth figure of this ethnicisation of the world would be the growing inference of new ideologies. Ideologies which are no more based on political vision, on political project of building up a new city. But ideologies which are the arriving which are coming from the apology of an identity and willing to build this identity as the finality of the political action. This is true for instance of this new radicalism that we can find in Judaism but also in Islam but also in Christianism. Which are a kind of apology of these identity without really taking into account the global order of the world and the project of creating a new politics. But there is also another division which is concerning now populism. Populism is this kind of ideology which is widely coming from identity and manipulating identity, without being concerned by the main trends of the new political issue and the new political goals. We can commonly find this kind of populism in many countries which are really impacted by the identity issues. I mentioned, for instance, many countries in Central Europe and especially, for instance, the evolution of Hungary. The present context and finally, the fifth figure of the ethnicization of the world is conflictualization of identities. Is something like backlash of the Samuel Huntington phases. When Samuel Huntington considered that there was an incidence of antagonism in each civilization it is exactly the country that we can observe. That's to say, the more we use identity as a particle instrument, the more identities are evolving to conflictual. A project and two very risky and dangerous competition. And now more and more of the present world today is made of this competition of identities and so is conflictualizing the identity rivalry and the identity competition. So, these are the five main features of this ethnicization of the world. You can observe that this ethnicization of the world at each level is really jeopardizing the international order. That's to say, threatening peace, threatening respect, tolerance, coexistence. And that's why the main challenge of the present world order is to contain the political instrumentation of identity in order to contain the risk of making it so dangerous. [MUSIC]
