Hi, everyone, my name is Welly from education and delivery team, Palo Alto Networks. Today we are going to talk about networking topologies and standards. The main topics that we'll cover on this presentation are the network topologies that is used on old legacy and modern computer networks. The difference of signaling. What is Baseband versus Broadband? And we will try to understand a high level view what is LAN, WAN, and VPN technologies. And finally we will briefly run through the standard specifications on ethernet, token ring Wireless, xDSL, and Cable, A.K.A. DOCSIS. So what is network topology? The topology is the network architecture used to interconnect the network equipment. It will give the layout or arrangements of how the elements are being connected. As we have seen as today, legacy networks still exist, and use old topologies such as ring and. And the modern networks, on the other hand, will use more common architecture like star and wireless topology. Start with a token ring. In this topology, we have a concept of token that is placed in the data channel and circulating around a ring. When the user wants to transmit the data, the node need to wait until it has control over the token. And this technique is called token passing based on IEEE 802.5. The token ring now become a legacy and it's being replaced majorly by the Internet technology. Another, like i said, topology is bus. In bus topology, all the data traffic will be transmitted over a common coaxial cable link. When all the devices will see there is a transmission, for example, from node one to node two. And they need to wait the transmissions until it's complete, before can start their own transmissions. If one of the data is placed on the network at the same time, the collisions will be happening and the data need to be retransmit again. Bus topology are seldom used in modern computer networks. For star topology, this is the most common network topology in today's network. The medium that is being used, is the twisted pair cable with modular plugs to connect computers and networking devices. And at the center of the star network, So that booking device is called a switch, or a hub. So we will have another brief discussion about this. For example if we agree to use the hub, the hub is going to broadcast the data traffic through all of the booking devices that interconnected in the star network. And if you're going to use a switch of data from one node, the other node will be transmitted directly to the destination. So the switch is understanding about the broadcast to make. What happens next, you have a wireless network that now become more and more the network of choice in the environment such as a home, small offices and public places. So being able to connect to the network without a wire is very convenient. And the cost is much lower. because they don't need to build and wiring it to the LAN points. So mobility will provide flexibility. Fundamentally, the wireless network topology can be an ad hoc where the wireless client communicate directly with each other. And enhancement of the wireless network is using the access point, to connect the data from wireless LAN to the wired network. Finally we have a mesh topology, where all the working devices are connected to each other. This provides the full redundancy in the network data paths. But it will increase the cost definitely. Because additional data parts will increase the cabling, the networking hardware costs. It will also add the complexity. We have two types of signaling method that’s used to transmit information of media. The baseband and the broadband. Baseband transmission is using a digital signal over a wire. The transmissions can be a form of electrical pulses of light. The digital signal that is used in the baseband transmissions will occupy the entire bandwidth of the network media to transmit single data signal. The communication is bidirectional, so the transmit and receive of the data can be done on a single cable. However, the sending and receiving can not occur on the same wire at the same time. By using multiplexing we can achieve the transmit multiple signals on a single cable. And the baseband is using TDM, Time Division Multiplexing, which divides a channel into time slots. The key thing about the TDM it doesn't change how baseband transmission works, only the way data is placed in the cable. Compared to baseband, the broadband used the analog signals in the form of optical or electromagnetic waves over multiple transmission frequencies. For signals to be sent and received, the transmissions media must be split into two channels. So alternatively we can also use two cables. One to send and the other one to receive the transmissions. And the multiplexing type data issues, the broadband, is known as FDM, frequency-deficient multiplexings. That allow me to create multiple channels on the broadband systems. So by using this technique it will accommodate the traffic going in the different directions on the single media at the same time. For providing access to the surface provider network, we need to have a device called a modem. This device, I think is a combined functionality, modulator and demodulator. There are variaties in type of modem technologies. We have analog modem, that we connected to the PST and public telephone network. And we also have a cable modem that is connecting to the DOCSIS TV network and we also have a xDSL modem. The idea is the modem will confer the signal that is received from the surface profile of the network, so that it can be accepted on the digital computer local area network. We also need one to stand our transceiver that it's the comforter require to block, or terminating the cable into the network interfaces. And there others and switches network device. Because those network devices requires that optical interface for the optical electrical signal conversion. So we have the big one here. It is called SDB or gigabit interface converter. This is a hot swappable transceiver that is used for transmitting and receiving the Higher speed signals over the fibre optic lines. So they have two ports for the transmit and receiving functions. And to increase the port density, now the industry has been moving forward to use a mini GB core, we name it as SFP, Small Form Factor Pluggable. So when we are choosing the converter that's going to be used we need to put into considerations what cable type that we're going to deploy. So maybe ypu're going to use multimode fiber or a single-mode fiber to support further distance. And we also need to take into consideration about the through-put that we're going to achieve, and what is the network port that is capable of receiving it. So maybe we want to have enough SFP type of 1G, or 10G. SFP plus, or maybe QSFB for the 40 Gig. Once we have the planning ready for the topologies, the cable medias that is required, we're going to build the simple network for the local connections named as LAN, Local Area Network. So we can see that we have multiple PCs, or laptops, that big wire Into the LAN port that connected to the switch device. So this would be copper cable, It would be CAT VI media. And RG 45 connector type. And the switch will have a backbone connections to another switch. So we can provide the client the local server farm that sit on premises. So potentially, this may be the local app server, or maybe this is a local file sharing server. And we also can share the printers in the same network. And the switches also can be connected to the wireless LAN controller, and access points, so that we can interlink between the wired and wireless end points on the same LAN After the network build locally, the big enterprise's network is going to grow and requier two [INAUDIBLE] and expanding the area into the wider multiple geographic locations. For example, we have a headquarter in one country, and maybe multiple branch office, small offices on the other countries. Some company also put the data center for the servers, storages data on a different area. So WAN, Wide Area Network technology, will provide the requirement. And typically, this service provider will provide an access by giving them the technology such as point-to-point, or maybe MPLS Family Sharing Network, internet backbone connectivity. Maybe stay using the legacy old technologies, such as a frame delay, serial PPP, and dial up. Since the WAN is a public sharing common network between multiple customers and tenant that subscribe into it, there is a requirement usually for the enterprise to build the secure network on top of their WAN connectivity. This can be achieved by having a VPN, Vitrual Private Network technologies, that run the encryptions to secure the data traffic that's flowing between two locations. First, we have point-to-point vpn that will require two devices to establish the secure tunnel. It can be between two firewalls device. Or modern router to router, or maybe router to firewall. So the communications between these devices will be effected using the specific algorithm. The second VPN technologies that we have is the client VPN or sometimes people name it as a remote VPN. This will establish the secure communications between an endpoint such as laptop, PC, mobile devices to the networking devices firewall. This would be very useful for the teleworkers employees that work outside the office. So up next, we will run through the standards of gigabit ethernet, 802.3z. And this column we're going to see the multiple types of gigabit standards with the speeds. Of course everything is supported as 1000 mbps, or 1 gigabit per second. How far distance that can be support, what is the cable media that's being used, and what would be the connector type. Start with down at the bottom, 1000BaseTX. This is running on the corporate media, and the distance maximum only support for 100 meter. And the cable type is a category 5 or higher. So the cable looks like this, the UDP unshielded twisted pair. And connector is RJ-45. Next is 1000 BCX, still running on the copper cable. But it supports lower distance, 25 meters only. But they're using a shielded copper cable, means it's quality for protection from the noise is better compared to the UTP type cable. And the connector that's used is a 9-pin shielded connector. For the 1000BaseCX and 1000BaseLX, this is a fiber-medium type cable. And the distance is very dependent on the type of the cable itself, whether it is a multi-mode or a single mode. So if you see this MM here it is a multi-mode type of fiber with a micron diameter of 62.5 or 50 micron. So then the connector type that's being used is the SFB. The one that we saw in the transistor slide. For the small [INAUDIBLE] for your routers and switches combinations. For the higher speed and throughput, we also have a ten gigabit ethernet standard. 802.3ae. We have four types of standards. Starting with the 10GBaseT. This is a corporate type media specifications. The distance supported, up to 100 meter or 55 meter, depending on the category cable that you're using. Either it's category 6A or category 6 only. And we can either run it on an unshielded twisted pair, or a shielded twisted pair. The connector type is RJ-45 for the copper media, then GBaseT standards. And for the 10GBaseSR, LR, and This is everything running on fiber media. And again the distance is depending on what cable that we are using. Either it is a single-mode or a multi-mode. As we see, a single-mode will be able to support a fiber distance up to 40 kilometers, if we are on a 10GBaseER. And 10 kilometer for the 10 GSLR. And for the multi-mode, depending on the micron for the diameter of the cable itself. For the 50 MMF can support up to 300 meter for the 10GBaseSR. On the connector types we'll be running one as SFP+ to support a 10G connections interface termination. Before we move on to the other standards, let's take a look what network device options twe can have when we are building the network. So we have NIC, Network Interface Controller, that is attached to the PCs, laptop, or servers and they have the unique address burned in based on the founder manufacturer. And we name it as the MAC address, Media Access Control. This MAC address will be learned from your switch in order to make decisions to forward from one port to another port. So the switch is going to build the MAC that is stable based on the devices connecting to it. The repeater, this is the device that will amplify the signal from one port to the other port. So they don't have the capabilities to run the MAC address, they just want to amplify the signal because of the line distance limitations on your copper media. The hub is AKA multi port repeater, same thing is they don't run the MAC address and they have a broadcast on set to forward the frame to all the ports that they have. Next we have a router, the router is more intelligence, they can learn the logical addressing, IP, IP protocol address that we put on top of the network card that we have. And they will share the knowledge by advertising the subnet and prefixes through the routing protocols. And we usually have the WiFi router that we connect this to the modem, provide the network that we have in the home, to provide the access to the network for the mobile devices or the laptop that we have. Lastly, we have the firewall. These are the secret device that is going to make the decisions in order to forward or not to forward the packet, based on a certain criteria, maybe based on the addressing, or maybe based on more intelligent decisions. What applications that you want to use, or URL that you want to use? Or maybe we can also make inspections whether any malicious activity's happening on the transactions. >> Token ring 802.5 is the standard that is being published by the IEEE, still access for some legacy networks, and they have the concept of MAU, Multistation Access Unit, that will connect the PCs and devices in the ring >> So you will see there are ports for the incoming and outgoing token passing in between these MAU when the owner of the token is being received by one of the MAU and the device that it's connecting to it can have permissions to forward the traffic. So the cable type that is used in this token ring is category 5, 6, and the determination is RJ45. The token ring network is deterministic, means that each node that connected to the ring network will be ensured to access corporate emissions on a regular fixed time interval base on a token ownership. Again, this ring network has become like the sea, and it's being replaced majorly by the Internet technologies. So next, what we have is the wireless standards. Varies from 802.11a, b, g, n, and ac, spread across different frequency and speed. So the latest one we have in the market as of now is 802.11ac, that can support up to 6.9 gigabyte per second. And the range up to 175+ feet running on indoor environment. And what we can see is today, there are two types of topologies that are supported in a wireless network, either ad hoc or infrastructure. For the ad hoc, no access point is involved, the communication between wireless equipment is direct, so it's point to point communications via the wireless adaptor itself. For the infrastructure mode you will need to have access points providing the self identifier. So everybody needs to log in and perform authentications and you can also provide additional security to protect the wireless communications in between two devices. So this access point is being handled and controlled by the device named WLC, or Wireless LAN Controller. And those IP communications between access point to access point and wireless controller is connected via the other networking devices we just, yeah We also have the xDSL standards, that is mainly provided by the PSTN of telephone network from your telcore that is currently have the assisting cable via LG 11 terminations to your modem. And your modem is going to transmit and then modulates the analog signals to the digital signals based on the frequency that they're providing. So they can splice this into multiple categories. So the categories is based on how big is the downstream/upstream that they can provide, and what would be the maximum distance limit that you want to achieve. You can also see here at the far right columns what would be the typical applications that is using these existing public network, telephone that is provided by your telcore. So down at the bottom very high digital subscriber line, you can have up to 52.8 Mbps for downstream and achieving a different distance limit 4,000 feet at 12.96 Mbps. Mainly used for ATM networks, and it also can be used for the fiber through your neighborhood. ADSL is very common for providing the Internet access for the home users, and usually what you can see here, like the downstream will have much higher rate compared to the upstream rate. So because of that the name is asymmetric, comparing to the symmetric DSL that can give you the same rate of uploading and downloading activity from the devices. So I want you to just take look of this table, so I hope you can get better understanding about what is the DSL technologies that already receive from the telephone assisting network of the telcore provider. So finally, we have the standards of cable or we name it as DOCSIS, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications. This is using the existing infrastructure from a TV network, running on the coaxial media. So the idea, the TV network ones to also carry the Internet data traffic. If that's the case then you need to have a DOCSIS modem, that will terminate the coaxial TV network. So that it can split the data for the TV channel and also for the Internet channel, and it will terminate the data channel for your Wi-Fi router, providing access for the PCs and the laptop connecting to it. In 2016, the DOCSIS versions is already upgraded to 3.1 by restructuring the channel specifications for this DOCSIS versions. You can see the downstream and upstream data rates is increasing very high, so you can get up to 10 Gigabytes per second for the downstream rate and for upstream rate, you can have up to 1 Gigabyte per second. So that's pretty much about it, you have a couple of options that we already learned from the PSTN, you can have ADSL, for DOCSIS you can have CATV systems. And you can choose whatever that is being provided by the service provider near to your area, I believe this is based on current existing Internet infrastructure that is already being build. And you can chose wisely the technologies that can provide the Internet access to your small office or home office. So I hope you enjoyed the presentations. Thank you very much.
