Now let's discuss the main sources of geopolitical knowledge. Partly, we have looked at some of them very briefly. However, there is a very huge massive of the geopolitical literature that one should definitely read or at least look through and be aware of what is written there. To begin with, we should obviously mention the two scholars that contributed to the very emergence of geopolitics. The first one is Alfred Mahan who wrote about historical context of a competition between countries and the role of naval power in this competition. The role of naval power that was used by some countries to establish control over trade routes which according to Mahan were the main source of wealth and power of nations. We can read and find all this information in his book, the Influence of Sea Power Upon History. The second scholar is well known to us, Halford Mackinder. The founding father of geopolitics who wrote a lot about factors of geography in power and competition. And his first publication that we should look at is the geographical pivot of history. There he wrote about various variables that influence international competition between countries including geography including different factors that changed these perception of geography in international relations, like technological development. He first mentioned the competition between the sea power and land power and he developed the concept Heartland as well. He developed many of these ideas in his further publications, for example, Democratic Ideals and Reality, a Study in the Politics and Reconstruction, which is dedicated to many more geographic factors and their role in international politics in various regions. And finally we can look at evolution of his thought and of his views at a geopolitical competition between countries. In one of his latest publications, the round world and the winning of the peace published in 1943. With the emergence of separated field of science international relations. One of the main goals was to incorporate geographic knowledge as study of natural sources of behavior of states into most social field of international relations. And this goal was successfully achieved by realists like Nicholas Spykman and Hans Morgenthau who considered many geographical factors in their realist theories, in their realist approach to international relations. We should hear a special focus on Nicholas Spykman and and his publications like the Geography of the Peace where he reconsidered the Mackinder's theory of Heartland and developed his own concept, the concept of Rimland and its role in the history of international relations. And there is a number of his articles in the American Political Science review journal, which are also very useful where Nicholas Spykman tells us a lot about how different geographic factors may but not necessarily do influence foreign policy of states and relations between countries, geography and foreign policy and geographic objectives in foreign policy. Every student who wants to deal with international relations and to study geopolitics and competition amongst these, should pay attention to these three names, Henry Kissinger, Zbigniew Brzezinski, and Saul Cohen. The two political practitionaries contributed a lot to development of geopolitics and geopolitical approach. Among books of Henry Kissinger, I would first of all recommend Diplomacy and World Order where he incorporates geopolitical thought into his understanding of equilibrium in international relations and how geopolitics contribute to stability of world order in the global competition. This second author is highly recommended to everyone who wants to understand better the American foreign policy and the current priorities of the United States. Zbigniew Brzezinski and his book The Grand Chessboard, is about what are the geopolitical priorities for any American President and on what regions and what countries the United States should concentrate their efforts? Another book mainly written by Zbigniew Brzezinski is The Choice, Global Domination or Global Leadership. If you remember it was one of the fundamental questions in early 2000s, even we can call the geopolitical question. What is the geopolitical role of the United States in the community of Western poles? Whether it wants to be a global power that dominates the whole world or whether it should rather become a leader of the western world and to continue geopolitical competition with all other revisionist or as imposed. The main contribution of Saul Cohen to geopolitical studies is that he was among the first who decided to look at regional level of geopolitical competition and divided the whole world into different geopolitical regions. Remember his map that we discussed in our lecture number 5. And so in order to understand better the logic of this division and the peculiarities of geopolitical competition in every single region on the earth, I would recommend you to read his book, Geopolitics, the Geography of International Relations. Where he gives you not only the historical development of geopolitical knowledge, but also explains this distribution of geopolitical regions and gives the key players in each of them. The book by Robert Kaplan, The Revenge of Geography is dedicated to 1990s and early 2000s, the period that we called the moment of unipolarity when there was no widely accepted understanding of what happened in international relations. And when a lot of scholars believed that a new era, the end of history had started. According to Robert Kaplan and this is something that he writes in his book, geography as a fundamental factor of international relations did not disappear with the end of the Cold War. And he gives a lot of examples in Europe in the Middle East, in South East Asia, how the geographic factors continue to influence regional tensions and competition at the regional and at the global level. Finally, if you like geopolitics like I and if you want to look deeper into methodology of geopolitical knowledge and world theories we can use in analyzing international relations and how we can use them more precisely, you can read the book by Phil Kelly, Classical Geopolitics, A New Analytical Model. Where the author provides a very good analysis and compares geopolitics as an approach to study international relations with a number of other approaches. Now, let's move to critical geopolitics and here I recommend the book Critical Geopolitics, the Politics of Writing Global Space, by one of the founders of this sub-field of geopolitics, Gerard O Toal. I can also recommend a number of contemporary authors that write a lot of books and articles dedicated to critical approach in geopolitics, like John Agnew, Klaus Dodds, and Simon Dalby. What is very important that we can use critical geopolitics and books written by critical geopoliticians not only to understand how to study international relations, but also to look through many documents and many speeches in the recent decades and centuries that were very important for geopolitical competition of the past. That is why I can also recommend you to read various geopolitical readers. I give you the examples of only two here in this slide where we can find a number of very useful doctrines, articles written by different politicians or by academic scholars that contributed to practical geopolitics in those times. Like the Truman Doctrine, for example, the Brezhnev Doctrine, Mikhail Gorbachev's article, the New Political Thinking, and many more. Don't forget that being a critical geopolitician means that you should also read all these speeches and documents on your own. Not only to drive find them in books in readers of geopolitics, but also to open websites, to listen to speeches, to analyze these speeches and to be able to interpret what you have heard into geopolitical explanation of behavior of a particular state. The best way to learn geoeconomics is to start reading the article by its founding father Edward Luttwak, From Geopolitics to Geo-Economics, Logic of Conflict, Grammar of Commerce. In this article, the author explains what is geo-economics and how it is connected with geopolitics and what is the difference between geo-economics as an approach and international economy? Then you can look through the book War by Other Means, Geconomics and Statecraft, where the author's provide us with knowledge about the new economic instruments of geopolitical competition. Another book is Geo-economics and Power Politics in the 21st Century. Where we can find information about different varieties of these instruments and of economic power in particular states, especially with focus on great powers, but also on some regional leaders like India and European countries and the European Union itself. Finally in the lecture, I mentioned that geo-economics gives not only opportunities for countries to influence economically, they are the states but also creates certain interdependence between these countries. In order to understand the geopolitical significance of this interdependence, the role of different institutions and how states can use these institutions to achieve geopolitical goals, the book Connectivity Wars is also recommended. All these books are dedicated to global or regional competition between countries. We can find there are some national characteristics of these geopolitics. However, if you're looking for separately national, geopolitics of a particular country, here is the formula what you should read and what you should look for to study geopolitics of a particular country. You should first start with readings in history of national geopolitical thought or of history of foreign policy of a country if there wasn't such a history of geopolitical thought like it was in China that we discussed in the previous lecture. Then a good idea is to look through modern official documents, speeches and statements to know the context and the views of current leadership of the country, their attitude to geopolitical problems, geopolitical challenges that their country faces. Another good idea is to read the other opinions, opinions of other scholars or practitioners to know the other angles of view on geopolitics of this particular country. You can start with speeches or comments of experts and practitioners that usually still work in consoles on foreign relations which exist in every big country or great power. Please also pay attention to academic articles and comments of academic experts that you can find in various journals dedicated to international relations and especially to geopolitics. There is even a special journal called Geopolitics or another one is Eurasian Geography and Economics that concentrate on the factor of geography in political relations between countries. Finally, if you're looking for the most recent comments and the most recent studies, the best way is to search for them in online sources, for example in regularly updated websites where there is a regular analysis of all these issues and of national geopolitics of states. In the United States, there is a website, Stratfor which is dedicated to this topic. In the Russian Federation, we can name among others the Valdai Discussion Club. And finally if you want to estimate power or power capabilities, capabilities of power projection of a particular country, don't forget to look for data and statistics in various sources in different organizations that is published and available worldwide. [MUSIC]
