Hello and welcome. Climate change can have significant impacts on different resource management systems including agriculture, livestock raising, fishing, the management of forest resources, among others. These resource management systems that can be affected by climate change in direct and indirect ways. A changing precipitation, for example may directly affect crop growth through reducing the water availability for crops. But this changing precipitation can also have indirect effects on crop growth through for example, changing soil conditions. But how are the different resource management systems affected by climate change? And what are the consequences of these two local livelihoods? So starting with the climate change impacts on cropping systems. We know that now our climate is characterized by an increased frequency and intensity of extreme events such as extreme floods, draught, extreme heatwaves and extreme cold waves. And this can have some significant impacts on cropping systems leading to increase crop mortality, crop damage and in some situations just leading to complete crop losses. Although these extreme events have always happened also in the past now because there are more frequent and now so more intense. In some regions, the practice of agriculture is becoming very challenging and in other regions it even will become unsustainable or not viable. Another important effect of climate change and crop road is through the higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. So because we have more carbon now in the atmosphere, because plants absorb carbon to grow, this higher concentration of carbon dioxide can actually have positive effects in plant growth. Even though most of these positive effects tend to be offset by negative effects of climate change, such as reduction in water availability for example. Still plants tend to grow more with this higher concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, but it has also been demonstrated that under these conditions, plant also concentrate lower quantities of nutrients so the crops and the crop products also tend to have a lower nutritional value under these new climatic conditions. Changes in temperatures and also shifts in precipitation regimes can have several important effects on cropping systems. So, for example, these higher temperatures can lead to heat or drought induced stress, which will also negative infect, affect crop growth and development. And youth shifts in precipitation regime can regimes can also lead to shifts in water availability. And this is relevant not only for rain fed agriculture, but also for irrigated agriculture. That also depends on water availability and these higher temperatures and shifts in precipitation regimes. They can also have effects on crop yields. These effects are not homogeneous. In fact, some areas have and will actually benefit from these different conditions. So, as you can see here on this map, several regions, especially on the Northern Hemisphere, are actually expected to have higher crop yields under these new climate scenarios. But for most of the planet, and especially in areas where indigenous peoples and local communities are more concentrated, the expected effects on crop yields are actually negative. So these changes in temperatures and shifts in precipitation will probably bring more challenges to crop growth in most of the world. Another important effect on cropping systems is through the shift in crops suitable areas. So this year is an example of coffee growing in Brazil, showing that with the predicted climatic conditions of lower precipitation and higher temperatures, the areas that are suitable for growing coffee will shrink considered considerably. And this will probably have very important impact for smallholder farmers who for and for them because for them, coffee cultivation is an essential part of their livelihoods. These changes in temperatures and precipitation can also change the balance of other organisms as well, leading to increases in diseases and pests and weeds, and also leading to reduction in the abundance of pollinators in cropping systems. And all of these can have important effects in terms of crop productivity. So these are also important effects in cropping systems driven by climate change. Livestock systems can also be significantly impacted by climate change, and livestock systems can be affected directly or indirectly. So, for for example, higher temperatures can lead to lower productivity of animals due to increased physiological stress. Also reductions in precipitation, for example, drag conditions can change the water availability for animal consumption, but climate change can also indirectly affect livestock productivity through reduction reductions in the abundance or in the quality of pastures, for example, but altogether this tends to lead to lower productivity of livestock systems. Also, with climate change, we also expect to have increased in diseases in livestock systems as well through changes and host pathogen interactions, changes in disease epidemics. But in general, these tend to lead to more common and more serious diseases in livestock systems worldwide. Climate change has also significant impacts on fisheries. So we have well documented evidence showing that several species that are economically or culturally important can have their species distributions changed. So here in this graph, we see examples of three species that are economic, economically important in the northern coast of the USA. And it has been shown that from the 1960s to 2015, they have shifted their distribution moving more towards the north towards more colder areas. So in this type of change due to warmer temperatures in the ocean, for example, are widespread, and they affect several marine organisms and will of course, then affect the fishing communities and fishing activity in general. Other predicted effects of climate change and fisheries is through the increased occurrence of diseases, changes in the timing of reproduction and migration of marine organisms. And also there are documented impacts of acidification, ocean acidification on marine organisms such as shellfish, many of which are very important for the fishing industry and for fishing activities of local communities. These changes in fishing stocks and fish abundance are not they don't occur the same way in different regions, so some areas are more impacted than others. As we can see here on this map, which shows the predicted fish stocks, changes that will occur in the future. Larger areas, large areas across, mainly in the tropics, but also in polar zones, are expected to be more negatively impacted in terms of the abundance of fish stocks, while areas in mid latitudes actually are expected to have increases in fish stocks. So climate change effects on fisheries are also very especially heterogeneous. The extraction of forest products can also be impacted by climate change. So local, this is an example here from the amazon region, showing how several forest species that are very important culturally and economically important for local populations. They will have their distribution shifted with future climate scenarios in general reducing their distribution. And this will certainly have very important impacts for the local communities that depend on these, on these species and on these resources. And these are I mean crops, livestock, fishing and extraction of forest products are some of the most common and widespread resource management activities that form the basis of livelihoods of indigenous peoples. But we can think that all resource management activities can be potentially affected by the multiple changes driven by climate change. All resource management systems systems worldwide. They are affected by these changes in climate, but particularly indigenous resource management systems. They are particularly vulnerable to these changes. And why is that? Well, first of all, because indigenous people, they are strictly dependent on natural resources. And so climate changes that affect these natural resources will affect their resource management systems and will have deep effects on the very essence of their livelihoods. Also, these indigenous indigenous communities tend to they tend to occur in areas that are more affected by climate change. So this also increases their vulnerability to these effects. And these communities also tend to have more limited resources and adaptive capacity. So this all adds to increasing their vulnerability and making and make their resource management systems more vulnerable to these impacts that I described before. However, these on and on the other hand, these indigenous communities, they also have a very rich source of knowledge is and practices and so there is also a very large potential there based on their knowledge and practices to identify and to promote climate resilient strategies. So their resource management systems are not only vulnerable to climate change, but they can also be a very an important source of knowledge and inspiration to develop and improve climate resilient strategies for the future. So finally, if you take home messages, climate change has substantial impacts on all resource management systems and these impacts. They are very especially heterogeneous but overall they bring negative consequences to local livelihoods, especially to indigenous livelihoods because their livelihoods are based on natural resource management. And these indigenous resource management systems are therefore particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts. Thank you very much for your attention. Yeah.
