Hello, welcome to our next module in this series. This one is on globalization. I'm Bruce Jentleson, professor of Public Policy and Political Science here at Duke. Now my area of work and expertise is on foreign policy and international affairs. In addition to my work as a professor I've also done some work in the policy and political worlds, twice served in the State Department. And I've been a foreign policy advisor to presidential candidates. Personally, I'm from New York. I've lived and worked in Washington, DC, Davis, California, overseas at Oxford and Madrid, and here in Durham at Duke. A little plug here for my forthcoming book, The Peacemakers, Lessons Learned from 20th Century Statesmanship. Telling stories of world leaders who made major breakthroughs for global peace and security in the 20th century and what the lessons are for our 21st century global agenda. It'll be published in spring 2018 by WW Norton & Company. Plenty more on my Duke home page. But having said all this, you may be wondering why globgalization in a course on American public, mostly domestic policy. Well the first part of answering that question is to define globalization. The term is thrown around a lot and with all sorts of use on whether it's good or whether it's bad. Basically what it means is the greater innerconnectiveness of today's world across national boundaries through trade, through the internet, through people flows immigrant, refugees, tourists, students, and many other ways of interconnection. Now's not really the place to get into whether globalization is good or bad. Our point for our current purposes is that it is. It may get regulated to be less. It may grow to be more. You can try to shape it and debate which policies are best to deal with it. But you can't make it go away. And so here, our focus is on the internationalization of U S domestic policy. Think of foreign policy is what the U S does out there in the rest of the world. Our concern here is how what happens out there affects us in here on policies we traditionally consider domestic. So let me give you two examples. One is antitrust policy. What is antitrust policy? In simplest terms, it's policy intended to prevent or break up monopolies in the marketplace, protect economic competition and consumers from companies that get too big and have too much control For there to be fair competition in the economy. Trust is another word for monopolies, antitrust is another word for antimonopoly. This was one of the very first areas in which the US federal government started making regulatory policy back in the late 19th century with the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act and in the 1914 Clayton Act. The main targets then were the oil monopoly built by John D Rockefeller and the steel industry one of Andrew Carnegie. These laws were enforced by the Justice Department and also created something called the Federal Trade Commission, the FTC. Now, it's a confusing name because the FTC, Federal Trade Commission, doesn't work on international trade. It was really meant back then as commerce among the states within the U.S. domestic commerce. Now, for the first 100 years, the Antitrust Policy was largely made in Washington by Congress, by the Justice Department. The FTC, a domestic policy made domestically. Today in this world of globalization, US Anti-Trust Policy is affected more by decisions made in Brussels, the capital of the European Union, than in Washington. A current case that shows this involves Google. Very quickly some markers in that case. In 2011, Google was accused by some US competitors and other interested and affected parties like consumer groups having so much dominance of search engines to constitute, monopolistic anti competitive practices. In January 2013, the FTC ruled Google had not violated antitrust laws. But it did encourage it to make some changes on a more voluntary basis some of which Google did. In April 2013, two months later, American companies and other parties not satisfied with the FTC ruling joined with some European companies and parties and filed suit in the EU claiming non-competitive practices in European markets. And here in June 17, the EU fined Google 2.7 billion dollars and ordered it to end its anti-competitive practices. This is still going on. But whatever happens, it'll affect Google not only there, but in here too. There are other examples of what we have in domestic regulatory policy going back over 100 years not being affected just by our own political system, but those of countries This is the nationalization of domestic policy. We'll give you another example, climate change. Very quick just to make the basics of our point. In 2015 197 nations close to all the world including the United States came together in Paris, France and signed the global climate change agreement, each pledging to help reduce the dangerous impact of climate change. In June 2017, President Trump renounced the US commitment to the Paris agreement, saying among other things that he cared more about Pittsburgh than Paris. His point being that getting out of the agreement, was going to be good for the United States even if it wasn't good for the rest of the world. Interestingly enough, the mayor of Pittsburgh actually responded that his city was still going to pursue policies that would reduce climate change. That he stood by the Paris Agreement and that there were economic benefit as well as environmental ones for the people of his city, of Pittsburgh in doing so. He joined over 200 mayors around the United States who signed the pledge, We Are Still In. So, despite what President Trump said, US federal policies were going to be. As mayors of their cities, they are going to pursue policies consistent with the Paris Agreement. So what we have here is American cities, in certain ways, pursuing their own foreign policies. Not to the point of having their own armies and the like, but in other impactful ways what we might call the internationalization of American cities policy role. So to quickly sum up, these two examples are not the only ones. Many areas in what we traditionally thought of as domestic policy are being internationalized. This is because globalization is and isn't going away. So as much as there is to understand about American politics and political system, as many of our other modules address, because of globalization we also have to take into account the politics and policies of other countries on policies that in the past had been domestic largely made in the US. Thanks for watching, hope this has been helpful,bye bye.
