This course is designed to cover subjects in advanced high school chemistry courses, correlating to the standard topics as established by the American Chemical Society. This course is a precursor to the Advanced Chemistry Coursera course. Areas that are covered include atomic structure, periodic trends, compounds, reactions and stoichiometry, bonding, and thermochemistry.
1.01 Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons, Electrons and the Nucleus
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來自 University of Kentucky 的課程
Chemistry
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Week 1
We will learn about the components inside the atom and look especially at the electrons. The electron structure determines the properties of the elements. So, by the end of this series of lessons, you will know for each elements where the electrons are located in the atom.
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Dr. Allison SoultLecturer
Chemistry
Dr. Kim WoodrumSr. Lecturer
Chemistry
Welcome to our Chemistry course.
In this course we're going to be going through the topics that
are typically associated with General Chemistry One in college.
We're not doing all topics but
we are hitting the ones that are more challenging for students.
We're going to begin by looking at the electronic structure of the atom.
So we'll examine the atom.
What's in an atom.
The protons, neutrons and electrons, and then really focus on the electrons.
As we continue through the course,
we'll then look at the electron structure of molecules.
And then we will get into the stoichiometry and
the energy aspects of the chemical reactions that take place.
So we're going to begin here with the atomic structure in this unit.
And our learning objective number one we're going to
learn the properties of the location of the subatomic particles.
And how information of each of these can be obtained from the isotopic symbol.
So let us imagine for a minute that this blue sphere we have here is the atom.
It's a very rudimentary model of it but there's our atom.
What we would have for
this atom, is we would have in the nucleus, the protons and the neutrons.
They are in the center in the nucleus of the atom.
This is a very, very dense central core,
and 99.999999999, something
like that, percent empty space.
There might be a couple more nines in there, I lost track, [LAUGH] but
you get the idea.
Mostly there's empty space because that core takes up such a small amount of it.
So the electrons are able to move about in the rest of the space that
is occupied by the atom.
Now I want you to get a perspective of this for just a moment.
Imagine a large sporting arena that seats 50 to a 100,000 people.
And this is a huge arena and that arena represents the size of the atom.
Now, imagine a glass marble suspended above the field in the center of
the field of this sports arena.
That marble would be the size of the nucleus.
So, the electrons have the rest of that space to move about in and,
there's never a crowding issue for those electrons.
So here's some information about the electrons.
Just to give you a perspective.
Some of this you need to commit to memory and some of it you,
it's just to give you an idea of the size magnitude.
Now, protons, and neutrons and electrons relative charge is listed right here.
And the relative charge, we've got the protons and the electrons just
being an opposite charge, and the neutrons have no charge at all.
So, whatever charge a proton has, the electron is opposite.
Now, there is a measure of charge called the coulomb.
And so I've got listed here what the charge is in coulombs.
And as you see,
as you carry it out to several decimal places, they are identical.
Okay?
If we go over here to the right hand side,
we see that protons and neutrons have about the same mass.
They are not the same, but they are close.
So here's the mass in grams, and as we look at that, they are the same
to two places after the decimal point of the way we've written it here.
But beyond that, they do change a bit.
Now the electron on the other hand is about 2000 times
smaller in mass than the proton or the neutron.
So very, very tiny comparatively.
All right, I've mentioned that already.
Same charge but opposite in sign.
And let's mention this one last column here, and that's the amu.
You'll learn more about the atomic mass unit later, but since it's mentioned here,
this is the scale that we use to measure very small atoms on,
very small items on the atomic scale.
So this is how it's defined.
You would take one atom of carbon, and this one atom of carbon will
contain six protons and six neutrons, and you divide it up into 12 equal pieces.
One of those pieces would be one amu, so that's the definition of an amu.
So you see that about one is the mass of a proton,
about one is the mass of a neutron, and, and
then your electron is way less than that.
Now, memorize these numbers, no.
Just know the relative charge.
But you need to see the magnitude of these values.
Okay, so when you want to define an element,
we know the periodic table is made up of all sorts of elements.
It's the atomic number that defines the element.
And the atomic number is abbreviated with a Z, and
sometimes it's called the nuclear charge.
And does that make sense, to be called the nuclear charge?
Well, what's in the nucleus?
Number of pro, that contribute to a charge?
It's the number of protons.
So, yes, it does make sense for us.
So that number of protons defines what elements you're looking at.
Okay?
When you look at a periodic table you'll see numbers going from one, two, three,
four, five, as you work your way across the periodic table.
The other number that's important for us is called the mass number.
Now, I don't know why they chose A for mass number, but they did.
That's the symbol for mass number.
Seems like it ought to apply to atomic number but it doesn't.
And the mass number is not a mass.
It's a number.
It's the number of things in the atom that really
contribute significantly to the mass.
What would that be?
That would be the neutrons and the protons added together.
This number does not come off a periodic table.
If you look at a periodic table,
there is something on that periodic table called atomic mass.
And atomic mass is similar in size as, as a mass number.
But it's something very different, okay.
So don't confuse it from that number that's on the periodic table.
Mass number is the number of protons and neutrons.
So if you're given Z, the atomic number, which is the number of protons, and
you're given A, the mass number, which is the number of protons and
neutrons, how would you determine the number of neutrons in that atom?
Well, A minus Z would give you the number of neutrons.
Okay.
So we're going to look at some questions here and
see if we can utilize this information.
On the Periodic Table, let us look and see what the atomic number of Chlorine is.
So, let's go to my periodic table here, and find Chlorine on the periodic table.
There it is.
And which of those two numbers is the atomic number?
Well, that's the top one.
Okay?
So, we can go back to, maybe, the chlorine.
And we got our number.
Now, what information does that give us?
How many protons is chlorine going to have if the atomic number is 17?
Well that means it's going to have 17 protons.
All right, let's go to the next question.
Now, let's assume that we're still dealing with Chlorine.
We would, we know it's Chlorine.
And we know that it has 17 protons.
The mass number of this atom, of chlorine, has, is 37.
The question is, how many neutrons?
Pause, answer, and then we'll see if you're right.
Did you say 20?
Then you are correct.
We would take the 37 minus the 17 to get the number of neutrons.
Okay?
Now if we have an atom of chlorine, an atom has no charge.
So if in the nucleus, it has 17 protons and we know it has 20 neutrons.
How would we determine how many electrons it has?
Well, it has to have the same number of negatively charged electrons as it
has protons.
That's the only way you could make it neutral.
Okay?
Let's look at a periodic table, and
let's decide what element has an atomic number of 12.
So you would look on the periodic table.
You're looking for the number 12, and the number 12 is located right there.
So what is that element?
Certainly easy enough to determine.
The element will be magnesium.
So now we're ready to define isotopes.
Isotopes are atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass number.
Now there's lots of ways you could say this statement.
You have to think about it because you might see it
defined a lot of different ways and you might think your, they're wrong.
But what does it mean if they have the same atomic number?
That means they have the same number of protons.
Okay? So you could say isotopes are atoms that
have the same number of protons but different mass number.
Well, what does it mean if it has the different mass numbers?
What's causing the mass number to be different?
You could say isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons but
different number of neutrons because that would give it a different mass number.
If you have two atoms, they got the same number of protons,
a different number of neutrons, that would be isotopes.
So different ways it can be defined, but
it means the same thing depending on how you say it.
Now most element, now elements have two or more isotopes.
Not all of them, but most do.
And you have to use a symbol to distinguish between them.
Now when you look at at a periodic table, it does not tell you the isotopes.
It doesn't tell you the mass numbers as I've said before.
It tells you a, a averaging of all the different isotopes.
So you can't look at a periodic table and get this information but if you were given
a symbol that looked like this, you would be given the isotopic symbol.
So, you have got the element symbol, that's what the X represents.
At the bottom left would be the atomic number.
So, that's correlated with the number that you do see on the periodic table.
So, sometimes you won't see that.
Sometimes, that'll be not there because it's redundant.
It has to be that number.
And the top number is really what defines that isotope, is the mass number.
So, here is an example up in the top left-hand corner.
Boron-11, and that's how you would say it and
sometimes you see it written, Boron dash 11.
So, that's what you say when you see something like that.
And you should stop and you should determine the number of protons,
neutrons, and electrons in an atom of Boron-11.
Okay. Did you say five protons?
That comes from this number.
Did you say six neutrons?
Six neutrons is 11 minus 5,
and the number of electrons has to be the same as the number of protons.
So that's why that's the right answer.
I already told you that that five is not necessary because there's no
other number it could have there.
That is it. And
if you've got a periodic table you can easily know that the number is five.
But if it's handed to you and
you don't have to look at the periodic table, that's kind of convenient.
Okay. Hydrogen is going to be
the only element in which there's different names.
Each isotope has their own name.
Now we could call the first one we see here hydrogen one.
And when we look at it, it has one proton, and thus the one.
Okay, so the proton is the red.
This one has one proton, this one has one proton.
This one has no neutrons, a lot of people would look at that and say,
oh it has one neutron also, but obviously in the picture it doesn't show that.
The number up there is the number of protons plus neutrons and there
aren't neutrons, so it's one plus zero, and it gives you a mass number of one.
Now, what are these names?
I probably need to erase that, get it out of the way.
The names of these isotopes are H1, that's the one we would call hydrogen.
H2 is deuterium.
And H3 is tritium.
Now, the reason that they get their own distinct name is because,
they are the most distinct from each other as any isotopes.
Isotopes generally have all the same very similar, similar properties.
Their chemical properties are the same, the fact that these have completely
by putting in one more neutron, you've suddenly doubled the mass of
the atom putting in two you've tripled the mass of the atom.
It gives it characteristically different, some very different properties.
And we won't go into all of that, but it does.
Okay, so now we need to focus in on the electrons.
If you lose electrons or gain electrons to an atom, you will create an ion.
Notice you, I don't say that you would add or
remove protons, because you can't get into that nucleus.
And with a chemical process, touch those protons or neutrons.
So an ion is always formed by electrons, these that are being lost or gained.
So the definition of an ion would be a charged species.
So it has a charge, and it's formed by taking a neutral atom or
molecules and either gaining or losing electrons.
So, it's important that we note the electrons.
Now the word cation is associated with things with a positive charge.
Now a t kind of looks like a plus sign.
So there you go.
You can keep that straight.
Cations are positively charged ions.
They're formed by losing electrons.
And this is what throws some students off.
They see that plus sign and
they want to add because plus always means add, but that's the charge.
So, we are not adding, we are losing those negatively charged ions,
I mean electrons and that turns it into a cation.
So, the anion is the negatively charged ion.
And how does it become negatively charged?
Well, you would add electrons.
So electrons that are negatively charged are put in and
it makes it overall a negative charge.
So, you should be able to fill in this grid with all your answers.
We're going to work on a little bit together and
then I'll see how you're doing with a, a little question that I'll bring up.
But let's start with the magnesium one at the top.
Now earlier we learned that magnesium had 12 protons.
Now if you have, don't have a periodic table handy, you'll need to
get one because I wasn't very nice and I did not put that number down there below.
So we're going to have to look at a periodic table.
So we've got 12 protons and we see no charge written right here so
that means the number of electrons has to be the same.
And then we'll take that mass number of 24.
We'll subtract the number of protons and we will have 12 neutrons.
Now let's do one that has a positive charge.
Let's look at a periodic table, find Sodium and
see that Sodium has a atomic number of 11.
So that means it has 11 protons.
Now it's got a positive charge.
If it's got a positive charge,
that means its gotta have more protons than electrons.
So it's going to have ten electrons, one less electron and
that would give you an overall charge of one proton.
And then we go to neutrons.
We'll take the 23, which is the mass number.
We will subtract the number of protons and we will be left with 12.
So here again, we have 12 neutrons.
So, isotopes aren't things that have the same number of neutrons.
There are not isotopes of each other, are they?
They have to have the same number of protons first.
And then, different number of neutrons.
Okay, let's do chlorine.
Chlorine has a atomic number, we did that one earlier of 17 and
we see no charge written here, so its going to have 17 electrons.
And then we're going to take 35, which is the mass number minus 17,
the number of protons and we will be left with the number of neutrons, there are 18.
Okay, so let's have you work on the next one.
And when you have got an answer for
it, let's have you choose the right answer, pause it, choose the answer.
Okay, did you pick 18 electrons?
And 18 neutrons?
Well, the neutrons certainly didn't change because in the previous one we did we
still had same, 35.
But the number of electrons is one more than the number of protons,
because of that negative charge.
We have to have one extra electron.
Okay, so, the periodic table is going to be arranged in such a way that
the electronic structure will be determined where those electrons are.
And we're going to be heading that into our next learning objective.
But for right now, let's just define some things on our periodic table.
The first thing that we need to understand is that when you go this way on
a periodic table, they are called groups.
And one of the older names for it was families.
And I might slip up and
call them families, but a more acceptable term now is a group.
Groups have similar chemical and physical properties.
So all of these guys, for
the most part, are very, that we have an arrow above, are very similar.
Let's go over here.
These are called the noble gasses.
The noble gasses are all gasses.
They're used to be called inert gasses because they used to
think they wouldn't react.
But they can involve some of them in reactions now.
But they are not real prone to them.
So they're noble.
They kind of stand off by themselves.
Now how did it get arranged like this?
It got arranged because they just started noticing the properties and
they knew that when they lined them up from the smallest to the largest, so
they're just lining them up, element one, element two, element three, element four.
What they noticed when they did this,
is that there was starting to be this repeating pattern and what, of properties.
And they noticed that, hey, element number two and
element number ten are very, very similar.
And they kept on going and they did 11, 12, they kept on lining them up.
And they noticed that element 18 was very similar to 10 and 2.
So they started wrapping it around so
that the elements that were similar were over top of each other.
So the two, the ten, the 18 were over top of each other, and it was all arranged
according to their similar properties, chemical and physical properties.
But what they noticed then was when they started studying the electronic structure
there was a reason why it got arranged this way, and
we'll save that for our next learning objective.
Let's finish up this grid.
I hope that you finish it on your own but
if you got, you want to check your work you can look here at what we have.
We already did the 18, 17, 18.
Let's do the iron.
Iron has a atomic number of, if you look at a periodic table, 26.
So, it's got a plus three charge, it has to have three less electrons, and
then we would have 56 minus 26.
That would be 30 neutrons.
Nitrogen has seven for its atomic number.
So, there's seven protons.
It has no charge.
There's seven electrons, 15 minus seven is eight neutrons.
Oxygen is eight for its atomic number, so that is eight protons.
Has a two minus charge, so it does have two more electrons.
And then you would take the 16 minus the eight to get eight neutrons.
Aluminum, has 13 protons because its atomic number is 13,
has a plus three charge so it has to have, fewer electrons by three.
And then we would take 27 minus 13 which is 14.
So that's the completion of that grid.
