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Unit 6.6: Project 6 Overview: Programming Option

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依据基本原理构建现代计算机：从与非门到俄罗斯方块（基于项目的课程）

希伯来大学

4.9（1,507 個評分） | 73K 名學生已註冊

你将完成的是：在本课程中，你将从最底层开始，构建一个现代计算机系统。我们将这段激动人心的路程划分成六个需要上交的项目作业，从构造基本的逻辑门到完成一个功能完全的通用目的计算机。你将通过一种直接而有效的方式来完成学习，即了解计算机是如何工作的以及他们是如何被设计出来的。你需要准备的是：这是一门自包含的课程：所有需要用来完成课程以及构建一台计算机的知识都会包含你的学习经历中。所以，我们预设学习者没有学过任何计算机科学及电子工程学，并欢迎所有层次的学习者。你不需要任何实际的材料，你将使用基于软件的硬件模拟器在自己的个人电脑上构建一台计算机，就像在真正的工业界中，计算机也是被工程师在电脑上设计构建的。在你注册这门课程后，硬件模拟器及其他配套软件将会免费提供。课程组成：这门课程包含六个模块，每个模块包括一系列的视频课程以及一个项目作业。每个模块大概需要花费两到三个小时来观看视频课程，以及五到十个小时来完成项目作业。整个课程将在六周内完成，不过你也可以根据需要自己把握进度。谷歌搜索“nand2tetris” 会出现一个与这门课程有关的TED演讲。关于以项目为中心的课程：以项目为中心的课程是被设计来帮助你完成一个有意义的实际项目，期间会有你的指导者以及一个有着共同目标的学习者的社区来提供指导和建议。通过活学活用你学习到的新概念，你将会更有效地掌握课程的内容；这也是你将你学习到的技能用来改进你的生活或职业生涯的一个开始。当你完成课程时，你将完成一个可以引以为豪的用来使用或者分享的项目。

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您將學習的技能

Logic Gate, Computer Architecture, Assembly Languages, Hardware Description Language (HDL)

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RQ

Feb 15, 2017

One of the best courses I have taken on Coursera. I feel much more knowledgable about the lower-level workings of computers now. I hope at some point Coursera offers the second part of the course.

PK

Jan 27, 2019

This was just a wonderful course - exciting, challenging, well organized, and a ton of fun. I really enjoyed every week of it and will recommend it to friends. Thanks so much to Shimon and Noam!

從本節課中

Assembler

Every computer has a binary machine language, in which instructions are written as series of 0's and 1's, and a symbolic machine language, also known as assembly language, in which instructions are expressed using human-friendly mnemonics. Both languages do exactly the same thing, and are completely equivalent. But, writing programs in assembly is far easier and safer then writing in binary. In order to enjoy this luxury, someone has to translate our symbolic programs into binary code that can execute as-is on the target computer. This translation service is done by an agent called assembler. The assembler can be either a person who carries out the translation manually, or a computer program that automates the process. In this module and final project in the course we learn how to build an assembler. In particular, we'll develop the capability of translating symbolic Hack programs into binary code that can be executed as-is on the Hack platform. Each one of you can choose to accomplish this feat in two different ways: you can either implement an assembler using a high-level language, or you can simulate the assembler's operation using paper and pencil. In both cases we give detailed guidelines about how to carry out your work.

Unit 6.1: Assembly Languages and Assemblers15:28

Unit 6.2: The Hack Assembly Language9:04

Unit 6.3: The Assembly Process - Handling Instructions11:28

Unit 6.4: The Assembly Process - Handling Symbols20:13

Unit 6.5: Developing a Hack Assembler13:56

Unit 6.6: Project 6 Overview: Programming Option32:11

Unit 6.6B: Project 6 Overview: Without Programming9:26

Unit 6.7: Perspectives11:12

教學方

Shimon Schocken
Professor
Noam Nisan
Professor

腳本

So in this unit we finally come to a point in which we are describe how to

develop a project six, which is, implementing the, the assembler.

And which to remind you that, we have two options, at this stage.

If you want to, write a program that actually implements,

an assembler using a programming language you are welcome to, listen carefully to

this unit and, use the guidelines that we provide to actually develop this program.

If you don't have, programming, background,

then there's another unit that describes an equivalent project

that implements an assembler without actually writing code.

But, I think that every one of you,

even if you don't write the assembler using a programming language,

it may pay off to listen to this unit and see an example of, you know,

how to put together and how to carry out, a complex software development project.

So, without further ado, we have to,

develop a hack assembler, and here's the contract.

W decided that, we will call our assembler hack assembler.

This is an arbitrary decision.

And, this program should translate hack assembly programs,

programs that are written in symbolic hack code into executable, hack binary code.

And, we assume that the source program is written in,

or supplied in a file, a text file called some name.asm.

And given this is the input that they have to operate on your Hack Assembler program

should generate a new file called the same name as the input

file.hack so different extension and you know.

Once you create this file, youshould be able to take this file put into the,

hack computer and actually execute it.

Now, we're making a, a big assumption which is that the x x x,

that the supplied, input file is error free so

we don't have any programming, syntax error, errors in this file.

And, in the last unit of this week, we'll talk about whether or

not this assumption, makes sense.

So, with all that in mind,

you have to develop an assembler that, follows this contract and

just for the sake of the argument, let's assume that you did in in Java.

Although, you can do it in any other, high level language.

If you did it in Java and you want to actually use the assembler.

Then, we assume that you operating some, shell environment.

And, you type, you know, Java the name of the, Java virtual machine.

You provide the name of your assembler, HackAssembler, and

then you give this assembler, your assembler,

an argument which is the name of the input file that you want to translate.

And once you provided this command and hit enter, your assembler goes to work.

It translates the supplied, file Xxx.asm and

it creates a new, hack file that can be actually that,

that contains the, the binary code.

And if this file already exists it overrides it.

So this is what you normally do, right, you write a program, you assemble it.

Translate it.

If you don't like the result you make some corrections to the source code.

You reassemble it, so

it makes sense to override the same target file again and again.

So that's what we have to do in this project.

Now, how do we do it?

Well, once again you are welcome to write this assembler In any high level,

language that you please.

And yet we recommend that you follow a certain software architecture.

And we describe this architecture in the previous unit,

so I don't want to spend too much time talking about it.

But I just want to remind you the architecture that we

propose consists of four different software modules.

Each of these modules should be, should be a stand alone software module that can,

can also be unit tested in isolation from the other modules.

So we need a parser that unpacks each instruction into It's underlying fields.

We need a module called code that actually translates the symbolic fields,

the mnemonics into, it's, corresponding, binary value.

And by the way, I should say it more precisely.

It's not that the module translates.

The module has a set of methods that are used to carry out this translation.

We need a symbol table module that contains a set of methods that manages,

that manage, and create, create and manage a symbol table.

And finally we need the main module which actually drives the show, and

you know it opens the input file, it creates an output file, and

actually go through the entire translation process by calling

methods from the previously described modules.

This main module will probably be named the hack assembler or

something like that, depending on the language that you will end up using.

So this is the proposed,

architecture that we recommend that you use in oder to develop the assembler.

Now, how should you actually go about it,

how should you actually do the implementation?

Well, we recommend that, you follow what,

what is sometimes called a staged development.

We want you to develop, the assembler in stages.

So, first of all, as I described in previous units.

We want you to write a basic assembler, that, can handle

programs or hack assembly programs that contain no symbols.

Once you write this assembler, we want you to test it in isolation,

that is test it before you move on and do other things in this, project.

Once this, assembler, basic assembler works to your satisfaction.

You can go on and develop the symbol table module that can also be tested and,

and, and, you should verify that you can create a symbol table and

manage it in isolation from the other pieces of the project.

Finally, once you have these two, abilities in place,

you can put them together and create and

assembler that can actually translate any given assembly program.

So, this is, you know, yet another example of divide and conquer.

You know, you take a complex, task.

You split it into more manageable tasks and, complete and

unit test each one of them in isolation.

Now, in order to carry out this unit testing, we provide,

a set of seven test programs, that you are welcome to use,

in order to make sure that your assembler is actually working.

Now, the first program called Add.asm is very simple and

it's provided in one flavor only.

Every one of the next free programs is supplied in two different versions.

With symbols, and without symbols.

So, the without symbol version of each program has capital L,

suffix, which stands for less symbols, you know, max less symbols.

Rectangle, less symbols, and so on.

And in the next few slides,

I'm going to talk about each of these programs in isolation.

And, that's exactly what you should also do in your project.

You should test your assembler on each of these programs

in different stages of the development.

And, this will help you once again, manage the process in a, in a good way.

All right. So, here's the Add program.

The add program is a very simple hack language.

It contains no symbol.

It's just a bunch of a few a and c instructions.

And, it is designed to verify that your assemble,

your assembler can handle white space and instructions, that's it.

Now, when you look at this program you probably

tell yourself that this is a very limited test, right?

Because, well for one thing, we haven't, we, we didn't even test all the possible

white space options because we also have inline comments that we,

we don't see in this program.

And indeed, we don't claim that we provide programs that

that amount to an exhaustive testing of your assembler.

It's just a very basic tes, t and you are welcome and encouraged to take

this program Add.asm, and maybe make it more complicated, you know.

Add more comments, add more white space add more instructions if you want.

And, just make sure that your assembler can handle

these kinds of programs, simple programs without any problems.

So once again, the programs that we provide is just the minimum that that

you are welcome to extend with your own testing as well.

All right, so this is the add program.

The next program is called Max.

And as you can see from the documentation,

it is designed to computer the maximum of two values.

This is really not interesting at all from a translators perspective.

You know, the translator has no idea what the program is trying to do.

The translator is interested only in the syntax, but I'm saying it because,

you know, I want you to know, what is going on here.

So, this is the max program, and

here is another version of this program without labels.

So, without, I'm sorry, without symbols.

And so, the only difference between these two,

programs is that the second program in the second

program we replaced every symbol with its numeric meaning.

And once again, once you write your basic assembler you should test it on Maxl.

And only later when you add the ability to handle symbols,

you should test your assembler on Max.asm.

In a very similar fashion, we also provide the program called Rectangle

that draws a rectangle on the on the screen,

as we see here in this snapshot from the CPU emulator.

So, here's the code of the Rectangle program.

Once again, we see that we supply

two different versions of the same program on the left hand side.

You see the the full blown version with symbols.

On the right hand side, you see the same program without symbols.

We basically replaced every symbol with its numeric meaning.

And once again, when you write your basic assembler,

you should test it on RectangleL.

First and only later when you write the full blown assembler

you test it on rectangle.asm.

The last program that we provide is called Pong.

And, this is quite an elaborate program.

It's a program that implements a pong game.

And, the simplest way to describe it is to just give you a demo

of how it works in the CPU emulator.

So, that's what we'll do next.

Here we are in the CPU emulator.

And, we would like to demonstrate running a pong game in the CPU emulator.

So, we go ahead and load the Pong program.

So, let us go to projects.

And within projects, we go to project six.

And, we see that we have a folder called pong.

Open it, and we see that, as usual in this project,

we have two versions of the same program named Pong.asm and PongL.asm.

Now in the CPU emulated level, it doesn't really matter

if you load into it a program with or without symbols because the CPU

emulator is going resolve the symbols into physical addresses on the fly.

In other words, the CPU emulator has a built in assembler in it.

And when you load a symbolic program into the ROM,

which by the way is something that you cannot really do.

We can do it only because it's an, it's an emulator.

So once again, it, it, translates in binary code,

and to prove it, let, let us do that.

Let's, let's you know, let's select this version of the program,

and load it into the ROM.

And, I see that I get a symbolic program,

but there are no symbolic labels in it.

All the symbolic labels, like, you know, this is, probably has been @R0,

and it was translated into @3.

So, and once again, this is just for

illustration purposes because in reality the program looks excuse me.

I think I have to do it here.

In reality, the program looks like this.

But then obviously, it's very difficult to to follow it.

So, in the simulator level we allow looking at the program

both symbolically as well as numerically.

All right, so this is a program that implements a simple Pong game,

and it's quite a huge program.

If you scroll, you know, downstream, you will see that this program is,

low and behold, it is something like let's see.

Something like 27,000 lines of code, which is a lot, right?

But, it's little bit deceiving, because the program itself,

the, the pong logic, the logic of the pong game is, is much shorter.

It's only maybe, I don't exactly remember,

something like 200 lines of high level language code.

But by the time you translate this code into binary code,

and now I'm talking about the compiler, you know,

translating from a high level language into assembly.

Then, you get, you know, many more Lines of code but

still we don't get so many lines of code.

The reason we have so much code here is because What you see here

is not only an implementation of the pong game, but also an,

an implementation of the entire operating system that

enables us to control the screen, the keyboard code.

And mathematics operations and numerous other things that are needed

when you implement and run high level language programs.

So once again, just to summarize it's

important to note that the code that we see here.

Was originally written in, the Jack high level language and

then it was translated by, a Jack compiler into,

eventually into, the code that you see here.

So this code was not written by a human being.

It was written by a compiler.

And, of course, this whole business of writing high level programs or

writing compilers and operating systems and so on are not covered in

NAND to Tetris part one, but rather they are covered in NAND to Tetris part two.

And yet, when you write an assembler, all this information is completely irrelevant.

You know? What you have is a file that consists of

numerous, lines of, symbolic code.

And you simply have to translate it into binary code.

All right, so, having said all that, let us try to run the program.

So I click the fast forward so to speak, and there seems to be a lot of

action going on, but nothing appears from the screen,

and I'm a bit disappointed because I expected to play a pong game and

instead I see, something that looks like a program executing,

but once again nothing is really happening.

And indeed, you have to realize that what is happening here is.

The execution of a lot of setup code.

The operating system is initializing all sorts of data structures and

all sorts of drivers are loaded and then so on and so forth.

And it'll take a while before the programmers code

proper will actually start running.

So if we lose our patience as I'm sure that every one of you has done already,

we can stop this processing, we can, you know, rewind everything if we want, and

we can tell the emulator that we don't want to see the program flow.

And we do it by clicking this control here, the no animation.

Now what we mean here is no code or execution animation.

So let's do this and

then run the program again, and hopefully we will get to see some fun action.

All right?

And hallelujah!

There's a Pong game going on, that's quite amazing.

Okay, so I'm playing Pong now.

I'm not very good at it.

Oh, dear!

And you know, let me try another game.

All right maybe I'll, make some improvement now.

Wait, I have to, to do this.

Okay.

Playing Pong, let's see if I'm any better

than before, oh, hallelujah!

I got a score of two.

Three!

That's my world record so far!

And four!

Very impressive.

And game over.

So what you saw here is the Pong game in progress.

I'm always excited to see, programs like this, working, on the head

computer because, you know, this is a program that was written by us in Jack.

It was compiled using a compiler that we wrote, and then,

the, executable code could run on, on a computer that we actually built,

or a computer that you actually built, throughout this course.

So, this is, I think, very, very, satisfying.

So, this has been a demo of a pong game.

You're welcome to play pong game on your own computer using

the CPU emulator which is installed in your tools folder.

And once again I want to emphasize that as far as the assembler writer is concerned,

all this story about Pong playing and so on, it's, you know, it's a very nice

background story, but it has no relevance whatsoever to writing an assembler.

And assembler could not care less if it has to translate 12 instructions or

12,000 instructions.

It's a computer program.

It will process, you know, whatever file we give it to process and, and that's it.

So, I hope you enjoyed, playing, pong with our, pong game.

And, it's time to, you know, open the black box and look at the, pong, code,

so here is the beginning of the Pong.asm program that we also supply

is one of the test programs that you have to process,

that your assembler has to process.

I'd like to make some observations about this Pong.asm program,

because it's quite different In some respect from the previous

programs that we saw in this project.

First of all, the code of Pong

was originally written in a language called Jack.

Jack is a Java-like simple object based language

That we introduce in the second part of this course.

In part two.

And in part two, we introduce this language and

then we write a compiler that translates

from this language all the way down to hack, assembly code.

And, and so what you see here is the result of this translation.

So, writing this compiler and there's also a virtual machine

in the middle that I don't have time to, to talk about,

you know, writing these software layers is quite an elaborate undertaking.

But we do it in a very similar style to what we did in this course,

we do it one step at a time, and this is done in the second part of the course.

The result of all this,

translation effort is the ASM program that you see in front of you.

So the special thing about this program is that it was automatically generated

by by the compiler and and by the virtual machine.

The resulting code is about 28,000 instructions long.

If you wonder why it's so long it is because it also includes the jack

operating system and the operating system is another thing that

we'll develop in the second part of course.

And you know taken together we have an assembly language program and

if you translate it into Binary code then, bingo,

you have something that causes your computer to play Pong.

And so, we thought that it's important that as part of

this project you will also translate,

so-called industrial strength program, and pong is one such program.

Now, when you look at this code, if you explore it.

You know. And we recommend that you look at it

at least briefly, you know, you don't have to understand what's going on here.

It's very difficult to understand code just from looking it's

symbolic I'm sorry the assembly version of this code.

But you will realize that first of all we don't have any white space.

And that is because all the white space was lost in in translation.

And then you will see this called all sorts of strange things.

For example, you see some strange addresses like 256.

Now where does this 256 come from?

Well, you know, it comes from the way our virtual machine is implemented.

Now you may ask yourself what is a virtual machine?

Well to find out you have to take the second part of the course.

You also see all sorts of strange labels, like for example, END_EQ.

You know, where did this END_EQ come from?

Well, this was generated by the compiler automatically

when it translated the Jack code that was written by the programmer and you also see

some all sorts of predefined symbols that we haven't seen before like SP.

[COUGH] What is SP?

Well SP stands for a stick pointer.

And once again, this is something that we discuss in the second part of the course.

So, when you look at this code, you know,

it's a little bit like reading genetic code, you know, DNA.

We have all sorts of strange things that were

created by previous generations so to speak.

And indeed the code that you see here was created by several layers of revolution.

It's not exactly a revolution, but

we have a compiler that added some stuff to the code.

We have virtual machine that added some stuff to the code.

And finally, you know, you have something which becomes somewhat cryptic.

But you can handle it to your assembler, and

the assembler will translate it into machine code.

And then finally you will have something that actually runs on your Hack computer.

Okay, so this is, a long explanation of, the Pong.asm program.

As far as your assembler is concerned, all this explanation is irrelevant.

You know, it just has to take this file, and translate it into binary code.

So, how should you test, you know, the results of your work?

Well, first of all you have to use your assembler to generate

Hack programs within binary code.

And then you should test these programs and

make sure that they actually do what they're supposed to do.

So one way to do it is to invoke the supplied the supplied hardware simulator,

load into it the built-in hack computer chip or, or

the chip that you wrote, doesn't matter.

Although we recommend that you use the built-in chip to avoid the errors.

And then load into this chip, the Hack code and run it.

That's, that's one testing option.

Another testing option is to build the same but

use the CPU emulator instead of the hardware simulator.

This will be a more user friendly way to carry out this test.

And finally there is the option of choice what you,

what we recommend you actually do.

We provide a working assembler, which is

available to you on your personal computer if you downloaded our software suite.

Our assembler is called assembler, quite simply.

And you can use our assembler to translate any one of

the supplied ASM programs, and then you can compare the code

that our assembler generated to the code that your assembler has generated.

If the two codes are the same, then you know that your assembler

is at least as good as ours, maybe better.

Okay.

So, we do recommend that you use this,

third option in order to test your work and here is how you actually do it.

What we see here is a snapshot of the assembler that we supply.

In the course, website, in,

actually in the Nand Nand to Tetris website.

So, you invoke this program called assembler, this nice,

window pops up, and then it can load into the assembler,

the ASM program which you see here in the left pane.

Then you will click a button and our assembler which will translate

the symbolic code into binary code, and

you see the result in binary code in the center pane in this snapshot.

Then, you have an option to load into this program what we call a compare file.

And a compare file is the Hack program that was generated by your assembler.

So, once you do this, the program will not only load the compare file,

it will also compare the two files, and then you will get a nice message saying

that the comparison was successful, or a somewhat nasty message saying

that the comparison was not successful, which means that your assembler produces

code which is different from the code that our assembler produces.

In which case, something is probably wrong in your assembler,

and you have to test and fix it.

Okay, so this is the recommended way to, to make,

sort of the final test that your assembler actually works.

This is the source file, this is the the Hack file produced by our assembler and

this is the Hack file produced by your assembler.

So this basically sums up what you have to do.

All the resources that you need are available in the nand2tetris

org website.

And the website describes the supplied files.

There's no need to download anything because if you downloaded the software

suite at the beginning of the course, then all the files that you need for this

project are available on your personal computer in the projects/06 directory.

And there's another set of resources, that you might find useful like the supplied

assembler, the supplied CPU emulator the tutorial,

a proposed assembler API and and so on.

All these things are available in the website and

you are welcome to use and consult them.

So, this has been the unit that gave you, hopefully

all the information that you need in order to build the assembler on your own.

And the next unit will sum up everything that we did in this week.

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