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3.1.7 Synthesis and trafficking of neuronal proteins II

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Advanced Neurobiology I

3.9（278 個評分） | 29K 名學生已註冊

Hello everyone! Welcome to advanced neurobiology! Neuroscience is a wonderful branch of science on how our brain perceives the external world, how our brain thinks, how our brain responds to the outside of the world, and how during disease or aging the neuronal connections deteriorate. We’re trying to understand the molecular, cellular nature and the circuitry arrangement of how nervous system works. Through this course, you'll have a comprehensive understanding of basic neuroanatomy, electral signal transduction, movement and several diseases in the nervous system. This advanced neurobiology course is composed of 2 parts (Advanced neurobiology I and Advanced neurobiology II, and the latter will be online later). They are related to each other on the content but separate on scoring and certification, so you can choose either or both. It’s recommended that you take them sequentially and it’s great if you’ve already acquired a basic understanding of biology. Thank you for joining us!

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3.9（278 個評分）

5 stars
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SB

Jul 27, 2018

This was a true challenge and magically eye opening!

AZ

Sep 26, 2017

A bit jagged in places but a very good explanation.

從本節課中

Morphology of the neuronal cell & Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Neuron

Let's learn more about the basic unit of the nervous system: the neuron.

3.1.1 A overview of neurons5:47

3.1.2 Real life situation: Aβ in Alzheimer’s disease8:06

3.1.3 Organelles and cytoskeleton in neurons8:26

3.1.4 Research: induction of the tunneling nanotube7:05

3.1.5 Defects in myelination and related diseases3:23

3.1.6 Synthesis and trafficking of neuronal proteins I10:13

3.1.7 Synthesis and trafficking of neuronal proteins II8:08

教學方

Yan Zhang
Professor
Yulong Li
Research Fellow

腳本

The secretor proteins are further processed in the Golgi.

So in Golgi, as we learned before, the proteins

there are some process in the Golgi apparatus one is coagulation.

And the other one is phosphorylation and

sulfation can be done in the Golgi apparatus.

And besides this there are some other protein modification

happening in Golgi apparatus, is acylation.

The thioacylation and isoprenylation,

these modifications also happen in Golgi.

So after synthesize and multiplication, the protein needs to be

transported or trafficked to the target region.

So, there are some way for protein trafficking,

one exportation, endocytosis, and exocytosis.

So, the transport of a protein from cell body to

different part, the speed to different part,

the speed of transport can be different from region to region.

And then we can track the protein trafficking,

we can take use of this protein trafficking to track

either the protein localization or the connections of two brain regions.

So, for example, we can inject some dye or some protein synthesis

marker into one brain region and, after a while, we can track.

Where this dye appears in another brain region so

that we can know these two brain region has synaptic connections.

So basically we can inject some dye in a brain region,

and then after some time we cut the brain and

we see where we can see this dye up here.

Sometimes there could be here in the region be, or sometimes it can

in the region very far away from the original region.

The tracking required a connection, the tracking technique.

Recently, there is a technique developed by Edward Callaway

group called monosynaptic tracking technique.

So the pretty simple of this technique is to use a rapid virus.

They construct a pseudo rapid

virus that can be a neuron in the brain and

it can cross the synapse and

then can in fact be neuron upstream

of the original neurons.

So the construct is rapid virus,

make the virus can only cross one synapse but

not multiple synapse.

So in the print slice,

the original neurons is labeled as red.

And then all the neurons have monosynaptic

connections with this original neurons are labelled green.

So in this network, you can recognize in this complicated neuronal cultures,

this neuronal system which neurons has one synapse

connected to the original labeled neurons.

So, the proteins and organelles are transported along the axons.

The speed of axonal transport are different.

There are fast and slow axonal transport happening in axons.

The fast one can transport organelles

faster than 400 mm per day.

And then in this fast axonal transport, it has two directions.

One is the anterograde.

The other is retrograde.

The anterograde meaning move toward the end.

The distal area of the axon move towards the nerve terminals.

And the retrograde moves back to the cell body.

And the slow transport.

Slow transport.

The cytosol and cytoskelton proteins can be

transported in the axon with this slow speed.

With this low speed can only be anterograde to transport is

around 0.2 to 2.5 millimeter per day.

So the organelles, this is a actual picture in the yam.

So the transport happening in the axon is along the microtubule.

So we mentioned before the cytoskeleton, one important function for

the cytoskeleton, is as a transport highway for materials and vesicles.

So in this picture here, this big thing is microtubule structure.

And on the top of this microtubule is kinesin, is the motor protein.

So motor protein carry the cargo, this is organelle or vesicle.

This motor protein can carry this organelle and

then go along the micro tubal.

And there are several types of motor protein kinesins.

Some kinesins, some motor protein only move neurons to the plus end.

Some motor protein only move towards the minus end of microtubule,

some kinesin can move both ways, either to plus end and minus end.

And then the cargo specific,

there are cargo specific cages for each kinesin.

So, that means the kinesin can only carry certain cargoes,

not everything that every kinesin can carry.

So, it's highly regulated transport pathway within the axon.

So the materials of vesicles on your chest meters can be transported

from the cell body to the distal area of exempt.

So, for neurotransmitters, the neurotransmitters are wrapped

within the synthesized in the cell body, and then the vesicles are transported.

From cell body down to

the axon terminal and that release there, at the axon terminal.

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