In 2015, the UN launched the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Adopted by 193 member states, the goals represent an important international step in setting humanity on a trajectory towards sustainable development. Within this course, you will get a historical overview of how sustainability has been understood, as well as a thorough introduction to the SDGs – what they are, how progress can be measured, and how the SDGs are relevant for the management of the global systems supporting humanity. The course will examine how various societal actors are responding to and implementing the SDGs. While all of the SDGs are essential to sustainable development, SDG 13, Climate Action, is usually perceived as the most urgent in terms of the need for a swift implementation on a global scale. Therefore, particular focus is given to this SDG. Through the course, you will gain up-to-date knowledge of the current understanding of human impacts on the Earth at the planetary level. Progress towards establishing global management of human interactions with the climate system within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is also discussed. The course is designed and taught by Professor Katherine Richardson, who is a member of the 15-person panel appointed by the UN General Secretary in 2016 to write the 2019 Global Sustainable Development Report. In each lecture, Katherine interviews experts who provide insights relevant to the topic at hand.
SDG Interactions – One for All and All for One!
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來自 University of Copenhagen 的課程
The Sustainable Development Goals – A global, transdisciplinary vision for the future
93 個評分
University of Copenhagen
93 個評分
從本節課中
Sustainable Development as a Global Goal
In this first module, you will be introduced to the concept of sustainability, its roots, and history of development. The framework of the SDGs is outlined in more detail, and we will discuss what sets them apart from previous international agreements, how we can measure progress and how the goals are interconnected. We will touch upon food systems, as an example of how the SDGs are relevant for - and can be implemented in - global systems through international cooperation.
與講師見面
Katherine RichardsonProfessor
Sustainability Science Centre
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17 SDGs is a large number to deal with.
Therefore, in order to simplify implementation of the SDGs,
there's a tendencies for companies and other organizations to cherry pick among
the 17 and to select those that they consider to be most relevant for
their particular products or activities.
Not surprisingly, when cherry picking SDGs, most organizations select
those where their activities make a positive contribution.
The problem with that strategy is that it's very difficult to envision activities
that do not have both negative and positive effects on the SDGs overall.
We can not achieve a sustainable development trajectory
unless we simultaneously work to reduce negative impacts
at the same time we exploit the positive interactions.
Numerous studies have been carried out since the adoption of the 2030 agenda
in which the interactions between different SDGs are mapped.
Clearly, mapping the 17 goals, and
there are 169 targets against each other, becomes a mammoth task.
Therefore, most studies only consider a subset of the goals.
One such study, where interactions between four goals were considered,
was recently carried out by ICSU, the International Council for Science.
As you can see, there are a myriad of interactions both between these four
goals, number 2, zero hunger, number 3, good health and well being,
number 7, affordable and clean energy, and 14,
life below water, as well as with these goals and the other goals.
Some interactions are negative and others positive, and not all are of equal weight.
That is to say that some more important than others in
terms of achieving sustainable development.
Thus, it's very difficult to map the interactions between all 17
SDGs and to recognize their importance for achieving sustainable development.
A further challenge in relating SDGs to sustainable development is that
politicians and other social decision makers, or societal decision makers,
do not actually think in terms of SDGs.
Countries do not, for example, have ministries devoted to the different SDGs.
They have ministries devoted to different sectors,
the agriculture, health, energy sectors, and so on.
Furthermore, legislation is usually made with respect to these different sectors,
or systems.
Therefore, it's difficult to relate the SDGs to everyday decision making.
I've invited Bruce Campbell who's the director for
the research program, Climate Change, Agriculture and
Food Security under the CGIAR to help us understand how something,
that is familiar to us all as the food system, creates both positive and
negative interactions within the SDGs and not least, where the food system needs
to be changed in order to bring us on a more sustainable development trajectory.
Food production is, obviously, critical to people to survive.
But what other kinds of interactions does food production actually have
with the SDGs than just health? >> So
it actually has multiple interactions.
So the first one is, no poverty,
so agricultural development is a key part of the poverty alleviation agenda.
Obviously, it's connection with food, no hunger.
It's got a connection to the water one.
What agriculture does to water resources, and it uses 70% of the earth's
water resources at the moment, of the usable water.
The biodiversity ones, both of those,
agriculture production is a key driver of biodiversity change, climate change.
So those are some of the big ones with agriculture production, but
even all the others you can find linkages.
So, for example the gender one,
there's a massive feminization of agriculture in developing countries.
So more women than men are doing farming.
So then you have to have an empowerment approach within agriculture
development as well.
So you can go through the list and you can find linkages to almost all the SDGs.
>> That's really kind of neat because
nobody really thinks in terms of SDGs.
They think in terms of the systems that we can regulate, like the food system,
and the health system, and so on.
And it's really kind of neat to see how they all fit together, but
these SDGs are a global vision, really.
I mean, they are at the global level,
but they play out differently at regional and even local levels.
Can you give some examples in agriculture of how
the leverages that you would use, regionally, would be
different to achieve the same goal? >> Yeah, we really believe that you have
to work right across the scales, right from a farmer's field to national
level policies, to global level policies, and they all have to come together.
But some of the real solutions lie at the the level of countries and
farms in landscapes.
And so, for example, in Ghana the solution may be
providing mobile phones to farmers and making sure everybody can access
climate information about the next season to know what seed to grow.
To buy insurance on the phone,
which is already happening in some places around the world.
To use more fertilizer,
which in other parts of the world is a test to be using less fertilizer.
So it's highly context specific, the solutions.
So we have to understand these trade offs at a local level, and
then deal with them at that local level in terms of the solutions.
>> What about diet and culture?
We keep hearing that we should be eating less meat.
>> Yeah, so that's a really tough one,
because in some parts of the world, so
there's strong connections to health issues and
livestock is driving many of the negative environmental effects on the planet.
But in other parts of the world, people have meat three or
four times a year at ceremonies.
So there's definitely no over consumption, and
there's livelihoods that depend on livestock production.
So you cannot do away with livestock production, because you'll be really
impacting the poverty agenda, for example. >> Do you really believe that we can
have sustainable development and still feed 9 to 10 billion people?
>> I really do believe that's possible.
So, first of all, the production in many developing countries
is way below the potential, five, six, seven, ten times below the potential.
So we can increase the amount of food production, but
we have to do it through sustainable intensification.
It can't be at the spreading through more forest land and those sorts of things.
So I'm optimistic that there can be changes.
>> Bruce,
two of the SDGs that a lot of countries are struggling with, actually,
everybody's struggling with, are the ones on biodiversity.
The numbers 14 and 15 on the ocean and in land.
What about agriculture and biodiversity? >> Now,
so agriculture's had a massive impact on biodiversity.
On the land, it accounts for more than 70% of global deforestation,
and it's the major driver of land cover change on the globe.
And I think that most of us see the solution as sustainable intensification.
This approach where you produce more with, essentially, less inputs.
But, once again, that might not be the, there's no silver bullets.
But, perhaps, it has to go hand in hand with forest governance,
improving forest governance, so that the improved agriculture
doesn't spread into the forests. >> You came with some pretty big numbers
in there.
You said that agriculture's responsible for 70% of the deforestation,
and, what about water? >> It's using 70% of
the water that's used at the moment. >> 70% of the fresh
water that's used at the moment. >> But in addition, it's also putting
fertilizer, nitrogen into the water systems causing massive putrefaction
of lakes in some parts of the world. >> Of course,
the fertilizers also can become potent greenhouse gasses,
so it's also related to that problem. >> Yeah,
that's correct. >> Challenge.
>> Yeah, but, once again,
I think that through intensification and
more targeted fertilizer use, you can solve some of these problems.
So, for example, there are subsidies in China to fertilizer use,
and, actually, there's over use of fertilizer.
And just by reducing the efficiency, by only 5%,
you can keep the same amount of production, food production going.
And you can reduce the subsidy bill by $1.5 billion in China.
So in other words, years of trade off between the finance system and
the environmental systems.
And it seems like an obvious way to go in terms of reducing environmental impacts.
>> So you're talking about actually using
economic incentives to try and make the changes that we
need to make in agriculture. >> Yeah, correct.
And, in many cases, there are subsidies, for example, which are not
very climate smart or environmentally smart, and they should be removed.
They could still be subsidies, but they could be better placed.
They could be driving micro-credit performance.
They could be driving insurance mechanisms,
those sort of things. >> So the bottom line,
when we get right down to it, is that sustainable development isn't possible
unless we change the agricultural system? >> That, I have no doubt of.
So I would say that within a decade, we have to see a really transformed
agricultural system to very different forms of agriculture.
And in some cases it's leapfrogging.
The problems that happened in the developed world, like Europe.
So instead of going the same path of agricultural development,
to high production and environmental impacts, is there a different path?
And I belive there are different paths. >> It's interesting to me that everyone
knows that in order to meet the climate challenge,
we need to change our energy system drastically.
But it's so
few people that know that we really need to change the agricultural system as well.
I wonder why that is? >> Yeah, that is really sad.
The sector which is going to be most impacted by climate change is agriculture,
probably, because it's so dependent on climate.
And it gives 30% of the greenhouse gas emissions, so
it seems like you have to deal with it.
The rice subsector gives the same emissions as the aviation industry, for
example.
And the aviation industry seems to be taking some degree of
seriousness about climate change but not the rice sector.
They are 500 million small, older farmers, for example.
And so you are dealing with many, many people with small bits of land.
But, on the other hand, one of the ways of perhaps dealing with it and
using a private sector approach, would be through some of the big companies.
So, for example, Kellogg's, which is really interested in rice.
They are potentially big players in the industry.
And they're showing lots of leadership in terms of trying to
change the way of doing business. >> In this lecture, I used food systems.
That is to say, production and consumption, to illustrate how normal
everyday activities, to which we give little thought, but
upon which our lives depend interact with the SDGs.
The example clearly illustrates that we must undertake
major changes in our food systems to achieve sustainable development.
It also clearly shows that one size does not fit all.
While the SDGs are common global goals,
their achievement plays out differently at regional levels.
Thus, it will be necessary to use different levers
in the sustainable transformation of the food system in different regions.
I could just as easily have used any of the other systems critical to society,
energy, transport, markets, etc., to make these points.
For all of these systems, there are interactions with most, if not all,
of the SDGs, and all play out differently from region to region.
The take home message then is that the SDGs are all interlinked and
need to be considered in the musketeer spirit.
All for one, and one for all.
Only in that manner can we begin to think and
regulate in the system context that actually describes the world we live in.
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